blood

Question 1

blood characteristics

Answer 1

vol: (M) 5-6L, (F) 4-5L

8% of TBW, 38*C

pH: 7.35 - 7.45, alkaline

colour: O2 (scarlet), deoxy (deep red)

Question 2

Composition

Answer 2

50-60% plasma – water, proteins, other solutes

40-50% formed elements – RBC, WBC, PLT

Question 3

Formed elements RBC lifespan

Answer 3

120d (3-4 mnths)
worn-out RBC are removed by macrophage, destroyed in liver & spleen

Question 4

RBC size

Answer 4

• 6-8um, 2um thick
• Biconcave disc
  ○ Incr SA for O2 entry/ exit
• Allow RBC to bend in small caps

Question 5

RBC contains

Answer 5

• Lack nucleus, most organelles
• Red Hb
  ○ Binds, transport O2, Co2

Question 6

Hb in male

Answer 6

14-18g/dL

Question 7

Hb in female

Answer 7

12-16g/dL

Question 8

Sickle cell disease

Answer 8

1. Point mutation of Hb b chain –> HbS molecules
   a. Polymerise, aggregate when low o2
   b. Sickled erythrocytes, less flexible
   c. Incr blood viscosity, shortened lifespan
2. Resistant to malaria
3. Genetic disease - linked to specific prot mutation

Question 9

Leukocytes (WBC) function

Answer 9

• defense and immune systems
• defend from pathogens
• remove toxins, abnormal cells

Question 10

WBC lifespan and contains

Answer 10

mostly a few days

contains Nuclei, organelles

Question 11

WBC found in

Answer 11

• Migrate to other tissues
• Mostly found in connective and lymphoid tissues
• Originate from bone marrow stem cells

Question 12

types of WBC

Answer 12

• Granulocytes (N,B,E)
  ○ Visible granules
• Agranulocytes (L,M)
  ○No visible granules under LM

Question 13

Neutrophil features

Answer 13

1. 50-70% of circulating WBC
2. Stay in blood 10hrs
3. Nucleus 3-5 segments, connected by fine strands
4. Cytoplasm w/ granules - bactericidal compounds
5. 12-15um diameter

Question 14

neutrophil function

Answer 14

a. Highly mobile
b. First WBC to arrive at site of inflmma/ phagocytosis
c. Specialise in attacking & digesting bacteria marked for destruction

Question 15

EOSINOPHIL

Answer 15

1. 2-4% of circulating WBC
2. Size similar to neut
3. Reddish-orange granules
4. Bilobed nucleus
5. Survive mins- days (move to tissues after few hrs)

Question 16

function of eosiophil

Answer 16

a. Phagocytize Ab coated bacteria, protozoa, cellular debris
i. Exocytosis of toxic compounds

b. Defend against large multicellular parasites
ii. Incr numbers during parasite infection

Question 17

Basophil

Answer 17

<1% of circ WBC
Deep purple/blue basophilic granules
Bilobed nucleus, obscured by granules

Question 18

basophil function

Answer 18

a. migrate and discharge contents at site
i. Histamine vasodilator + permeability
i. Heparin, anticoag to attract other WBC
b. Involved in inflam reaction in acute & chronic allergic rxn
i. Asthma, anaphylaxis

Question 19

Monocyte

Answer 19

1. 2-8% of circulating WBC
2. 2x size of RBC
3. Large nucleus, eccentrically placed, oval or kidney-shaped
4. Stay in circ 24hr before entering other tissues to become macrophage (aggressive phagocyte)

Question 20

monocyte function

Answer 20

a. Generate tissue macrophage
b. Phagocytize & digest protozoa, virus, aged cells
c. Antigen presentation

Question 21

Lymphocytes feature

Answer 21

1. 20-30% of circ leuk
2. T lypm, B lymph
3. Larger than RBC
4. Thin halo of cytoplasm around large nucleus
5. Migrates from blood <–> tissue
6. Most found in connective tissues & lymphatic organs

Question 22

Thrombocytes (PLT) range

Answer 22

Part of blood clotting system to stop hemorrhage
350,000 PLT/uL blood (200,000 -400,000)

Question 23

size of PLT

Answer 23

Flattened disk-like cell fragments of 1-4um

Question 24

lifespan of PLT

Answer 24

circulates 9-12d before removed by splenic phagocytes
Continuously replaced

Question 25

PLT produced by

Answer 25

megakaryocytes in bone marrow

Question 26

PLT contains

Answer 26

* No nucleus * Purple stained, granular appearance

Question 27

PLT function

Answer 27

* Adhere to collagenous tissue at margin of vascular damage (PLT plug) * Releasee chemical/ factors induce PLT aggregation * Promote blood clot (thrombus) formation, retraction, removal (at later stage) * Secrete factor for vascular repair

Question 28

Blood plasma (50-60%)

Answer 28

Albumin, fibrinogen, Ig, lipids (lipoprotein), hormones, vitamins, salts Water proteins other solutes -- electrolytes, organic nutrients, waste

Question 29

plasma proteins

Answer 29

Albumin (60%): contribute to plasma oncotic pressure, transport lipids, steroid hormones Globulins (~35%): transport ions, hormones, lipids, immune function Fibrinogen (~4%): essential component of clotting system Regulatory proteins (<1%): enzymes, hormones

Question 30

Electrolyte in plasma

Answer 30

□ Osmotic pressure of body fluids & vital cellular activity K,Ca,Mg,Cl,HCO3, HPO4,SO4

Question 31

organic solutes in plasma (<1%)

Answer 31

Organic nutrients □ Used for ATP production, cell growth, maintenance □ Lipids, carbs, aa Organic waste □ Carried to sites of breakdown or excretion □ Urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin, ammonium ions

Question 32

serum vs plasma

Answer 32

serum: protein rich fluid lack fibrinogen (has albumin, Ig, others) plasma: collected with anticoag HEPARIN

Question 33

red bone marrow is for? age --> replaced by fat tissue (yellow bone marrow)

Answer 33

site of hematopoiesis = produce RBC, WBC, PLT removes worn-out RBC immature T lymph migrate to thymus to diff & mature

Question 34

Leukopenia

Answer 34

* Too few leukocytes, often lead to opportunistic infections * Caused by radiation, chemotherapy, chemicals, viral infection

Question 35

Leukocytosis

Answer 35

* WBC count >1.1 x 10*7/ mL * Normal resp to bacterial or viral invasion * Indicate cancer of WBC alot of WBC

Question 36

LEUKOCYTE DISORDERS

Answer 36

Leukemia: cancer in blood (Immature WBCs found) Lymphoma: lymphatic stream WBC count 5X 10*8 / mL (normal is 4-11 x 10* 6 /mL)

Question 37

Bone marrow can be occupied by cancerous leukocytes

Answer 37

Cause immune deficiency, infections, anemia, hemorrhage Tx: irradiation, chemo, transplant