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PR3154 > blood > Flashcards

blood Flashcards

1
Q

blood characteristics

A

vol: (M) 5-6L, (F) 4-5L

8% of TBW, 38*C

pH: 7.35 - 7.45, alkaline

colour: O2 (scarlet), deoxy (deep red)

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2
Q

Composition

A

50-60% plasma – water, proteins, other solutes

40-50% formed elements – RBC, WBC, PLT

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3
Q

Formed elements RBC lifespan

A

120d (3-4 mnths)
worn-out RBC are removed by macrophage, destroyed in liver & spleen

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4
Q

RBC size

A
  • 6-8um, 2um thick
  • Biconcave disc
    ○ Incr SA for O2 entry/ exit
  • Allow RBC to bend in small caps
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5
Q

RBC contains

A
  • Lack nucleus, most organelles
  • Red Hb
    ○ Binds, transport O2, Co2
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6
Q

Hb in male

A

14-18g/dL

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7
Q

Hb in female

A

12-16g/dL

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8
Q

Sickle cell disease

A
  1. Point mutation of Hb b chain –> HbS molecules
    a. Polymerise, aggregate when low o2
    b. Sickled erythrocytes, less flexible
    c. Incr blood viscosity, shortened lifespan
  2. Resistant to malaria
  3. Genetic disease - linked to specific prot mutation
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9
Q

Leukocytes (WBC) function

A
  • defense and immune systems
  • defend from pathogens
  • remove toxins, abnormal cells
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10
Q

WBC lifespan and contains

A

mostly a few days

contains Nuclei, organelles

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11
Q

WBC found in

A
  • Migrate to other tissues
  • Mostly found in connective and lymphoid tissues
  • Originate from bone marrow stem cells
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12
Q

types of WBC

A
  • Granulocytes (N,B,E)
    ○ Visible granules
  • Agranulocytes (L,M)
    ○No visible granules under LM
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13
Q

Neutrophil features

A
  1. 50-70% of circulating WBC
  2. Stay in blood 10hrs
  3. Nucleus 3-5 segments, connected by fine strands
  4. Cytoplasm w/ granules - bactericidal compounds
  5. 12-15um diameter
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14
Q

neutrophil function

A

a. Highly mobile
b. First WBC to arrive at site of inflmma/ phagocytosis
c. Specialise in attacking & digesting bacteria marked for destruction

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15
Q

EOSINOPHIL

A
  1. 2-4% of circulating WBC
  2. Size similar to neut
  3. Reddish-orange granules
  4. Bilobed nucleus
  5. Survive mins- days (move to tissues after few hrs)
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16
Q

function of eosiophil

A

a. Phagocytize Ab coated bacteria, protozoa, cellular debris
i. Exocytosis of toxic compounds

b. Defend against large multicellular parasites
ii. Incr numbers during parasite infection

17
Q

Basophil

A

<1% of circ WBC
Deep purple/blue basophilic granules
Bilobed nucleus, obscured by granules

18
Q

basophil function

A

a. migrate and discharge contents at site
i. Histamine vasodilator + permeability
i. Heparin, anticoag to attract other WBC
b. Involved in inflam reaction in acute & chronic allergic rxn
i. Asthma, anaphylaxis

19
Q

Monocyte

A
  1. 2-8% of circulating WBC
  2. 2x size of RBC
  3. Large nucleus, eccentrically placed, oval or kidney-shaped
  4. Stay in circ 24hr before entering other tissues to become macrophage (aggressive phagocyte)
20
Q

monocyte function

A

a. Generate tissue macrophage
b. Phagocytize & digest protozoa, virus, aged cells
c. Antigen presentation

21
Q

Lymphocytes feature

A
  1. 20-30% of circ leuk
  2. T lypm, B lymph
  3. Larger than RBC
  4. Thin halo of cytoplasm around large nucleus
  5. Migrates from blood <–> tissue
  6. Most found in connective tissues & lymphatic organs
22
Q

Thrombocytes (PLT) range

A

Part of blood clotting system to stop hemorrhage
350,000 PLT/uL blood (200,000 -400,000)

23
Q

size of PLT

A

Flattened disk-like cell fragments of 1-4um

24
Q

lifespan of PLT

A

circulates 9-12d before removed by splenic phagocytes
Continuously replaced

25
Q

PLT produced by

A

megakaryocytes in bone marrow

26
Q

PLT contains

A
  • No nucleus
  • Purple stained, granular appearance
27
Q

PLT function

A
  • Adhere to collagenous tissue at margin of vascular damage (PLT plug)
  • Releasee chemical/ factors induce PLT aggregation
  • Promote blood clot (thrombus) formation, retraction, removal (at later stage)
  • Secrete factor for vascular repair
28
Q

Blood plasma (50-60%)

A

Albumin, fibrinogen, Ig, lipids (lipoprotein), hormones, vitamins, salts

Water

proteins

other solutes – electrolytes, organic nutrients, waste

29
Q

plasma proteins

A

Albumin (60%): contribute to plasma oncotic pressure, transport lipids, steroid hormones

Globulins (~35%): transport ions, hormones, lipids, immune function

Fibrinogen (~4%): essential component of clotting system

Regulatory proteins (<1%): enzymes, hormones

30
Q

Electrolyte in plasma

A

□ Osmotic pressure of body fluids & vital cellular activity

K,Ca,Mg,Cl,HCO3, HPO4,SO4

31
Q

organic solutes in plasma (<1%)

A

Organic nutrients
□ Used for ATP production, cell growth, maintenance
□ Lipids, carbs, aa

Organic waste
□ Carried to sites of breakdown or excretion
□ Urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin, ammonium ions

32
Q

serum vs plasma

A

serum: protein rich fluid lack fibrinogen (has albumin, Ig, others)

plasma: collected with anticoag HEPARIN

33
Q

red bone marrow is for?

age –> replaced by fat tissue (yellow bone marrow)

A

site of hematopoiesis = produce RBC, WBC, PLT

removes worn-out RBC

immature T lymph migrate to thymus to diff & mature

34
Q

Leukopenia

A
  • Too few leukocytes, often lead to opportunistic infections
  • Caused by radiation, chemotherapy, chemicals, viral infection
35
Q

Leukocytosis

A
  • WBC count >1.1 x 10*7/ mL
  • Normal resp to bacterial or viral invasion
  • Indicate cancer of WBC

alot of WBC

36
Q

LEUKOCYTE DISORDERS

A

Leukemia: cancer in blood (Immature WBCs found)

Lymphoma: lymphatic stream

WBC count 5X 10*8 / mL

(normal is 4-11 x 10* 6 /mL)

37
Q

Bone marrow can be occupied by cancerous leukocytes

A

Cause immune deficiency, infections, anemia, hemorrhage

Tx: irradiation, chemo, transplant

PR3154 (11 decks)

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