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Animal physiology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

EDTA tubes (purple) are used to collect:

A

plasma

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2
Q

Which pathway do Erythrocytes use for energy?

A

anaerobic glycolysis

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3
Q

In which forms are red blood cells found in the blood?

A

Reticulocytes that mature to erythrocytes

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4
Q

What hormone regulates RBC production?

A

erythropoietin that is secreted in the kidneys

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5
Q

What can cause anemia?

A

Blood loss, decreased production of RBC or increased destruction of RBC

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6
Q

MCV stands for:

A

mean cell volume, to determine size of RBC

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7
Q

Microcytic anemia is due to ____ defficiency while macrocytic is due to ___ defficiency

A

Fe, Vit. B12

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8
Q

What is the difference between extravascular and intravascular hemolysis?

A

Extravascular is in macrophages and intravascular is in the blood, the RBC is carried by haptoglobulin to macrophages.

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9
Q

What is the fate of the components of RBC after it is degraded?

A

The heme is used to make heme proteins (catalase, peroxidase) or the Fe is removed, then ceruplasmin converts Fe to ferric to be transported by transferrin to ferritin pool (in liver, that is more available) or is used to make more hemoglobin. The porphyrin is transformed into unconjugated bilirubin and carried by albumin to the liver, where it is conjugated to be released in bile.

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10
Q

What happens if there is accumulation of bilirubin?

A

Jaundice, where accumulated bilirubin causes paleness. it can be hepatic when body cannot conjugate bilirubin or post hepatic when liver cannot release it

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10
Q

What happens if there is accumulation of bilirubin?

A

Jaundice, where accumulated bilirubin causes paleness. it can be hepatic when body cannot conjugate bilirubin or post hepatic when liver cannot release it

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of polycythemia?

A

Secondary (due to low oxygen, physiological in high altitude), relative (when there is decrease in plasma volume due to dehydration), vera aka erythremia (from genetic aberration, hematocytoblastic cells produce too much RBC)

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12
Q

What are the 3 types of defense mechanisms of leukocytes?

A

phagocytosis (macrophages and neutrophils), cell mediated immunity (cytotoxic T cells) and antibody mediated (B lymphocytes)

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13
Q

What are the 3 granulocytes?

A

neutrophils, basophils and eunophils

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14
Q

Which WBC live longest?

A

Lymphocytes followed by monocytes and granulocytes

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15
Q

What are the 3 pools of WBC in bone marrow, and 2 in bloodstream?

A

proliferating, maturing and storage
Marginal and circulating

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16
Q

What protects the body from phagocytosis?

A

Smooth surface and protective protein coat, and opsonization of antigens by antibodies

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17
Q

How are neutrophil called to inflammed tissue?

A

Inflammatory cytokines as IL-1 calle neutrophils and increase expression of adhesion moelcules (selectins and ICAM-1) that react with integrins and loosen the intercellular attachment so that neutrophils can crawl in the blood and pass by diapedesis to the tissue

18
Q

How do neutrophils attack invading agents?

A

phagocytosis (using lactoferrin) or oxidative burst

19
Q

What are the 4 lines of defense?

A

Macrophages, neutrophils, 2nd macrophage invasion due to monocytes migration, increased production of granulocytes and monocytes due to secretion of growth factors (TNF, IL-1, GM-CSF) from macrophages

20
Q

Eosinophils act specially for :

A

parasitic infections

21
Q

Basophils are the main Ig for:

A

allergic reactions, because they have receptors for IgE

22
Q

What are some effects of leukemia?

A

as nonfunctional leukemic cells takeover, it causes infection, anemia and bleeding tendency by thrombocytopenia (lack of platelets)

23
Q

Acquire immunity can be of 2 kinds:

A

Humoral (B cells) or cell mediated (T-cells)

24
Q

Antibodies can inactivate invading agents by

A

agglutination, precipitation, neutralization or lysis
or indirectly by opsonization and activation of the complement system

25
Q

Ig_ is the most abundant and Ig_ is attached to mast cells and basophils and involved in allergies

A

G, E

26
Q

What presents antigens to T cells?

A

MHC I is in nucleated cells and presents to cytotoxic T cells while MHC II presents to T helper cells

27
Q

What are the functions of T helper cells?

A

They activate B and T cells and form lymphokines that activate macrophages and stimulate production of more WBC

28
Q

How do cytotoxic T cells kill invaders?

A

secreting perforins

29
Q

What are antigen presenting cells?

A

cells that present antigens to T lymphocytes, are macrophages, B-lymphocytes and dendritic cells (most potent)

30
Q

Blood type B has ______ agglutinin and _ agglutinogens

A

anti-A, B

31
Q

Agglutinins are in the ______ while agglutinogens are in the _________

A

plasma, erythrocytes

32
Q

Rh + has ____ antigens

A

Rh D

33
Q

Type O has both _____ but no ________

A

agglutinins, agglutinogens

34
Q

If blood types are mismatched the RBC of the _______ agglutinates, causing

A

donor, hemolytic transfusion reaction

35
Q

Vitamin K is used for production of ________, antagonist o vitamin K are used as_______

A

clotting agents, anticoagulants

36
Q

Clotting is prevented during hemostasis by:

A

smooth endothelial surface and glycocalyx layer repel clotting factor and platelets, thrombomodulin binds thrombin, fibrin and antithrombin III act as anticoagulants with heparin

37
Q

Platelets adhere to

A

collagen and von willebrand factor

38
Q

Contraction of the clot causes:

A

release of thromboxane A2 and ADP that enhance vasoconstriction

39
Q

What are the main differences between extrinsic and intrinsic pathways?

A

Extrinsic is from tissue damage, has release of tissue factor and TF-FVIIa activates Factor X while in the intrinsic is the tenase complex

40
Q

Thrombin has positive feedback with which coagulation factor?

A

V

41
Q

What are the steps in the formation of clots after thrombin is activated?

A

Thrombin breaks fibrinogen into fibrin that organizes into fibers, then fibrin stabilizing factor (factor XIII) (secreted from platelets) strengthens the clot. The clot retracts after it is formed to release platelets Ca and to bring together the edges of the broken blood vessel. Thrombin acts on other blood clotting agents to have a positive feedback and cause more clotting. Fibroblast form new tissue to repair

42
Q

How are clots removed?

A

the plasminogen in plasma protein is slowly activated by tissue plasminogen activator that is released by injured tissue into plasmin that digests the fibrin and other protein coagulants

Animal physiology (7 decks)

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