2nd exam

Question 1

5 characteristics of aqueous humor:

Answer 1

Fill anterior segment of the eye, is watery, freely flowing, is drained continously and is secreted by ciliary body through Schlemm canal

Question 2

4 characteristics o vitreous humor:

Answer 2

fills posterior segment between lens and retina, is gelatinous, stagnant and not drained as much

Question 3

What region has the sharpest image?

Answer 3

fovea

Question 4

what are the 3 pairs of muscles that control the eye?

Answer 4

medial and lateral recti, superior and inferior recti and superior and inferior oblique

Question 5

What are the 3 nerves responsible for occulomotor reflexes?

Answer 5

oculomotor, trochlear and abducent

Question 6

Convex lens ________ light while concave lens _____

Answer 6

converges, diverge

Question 7

The accomodation of eye is given by contraction of _______ muscles that relax _______, increasing the _______ of the lens for near vision.

Answer 7

ciliary, the suspensory ligaments, curvature

Question 8

Normal vision is called ________ while farsightedness is ________ and nearsightedness is ______

Answer 8

emmetropia, hyperopia, myopia

Question 9

Glasses for myope are

Answer 9

concave

Question 10

Cones are responsible for ____ vision and rods are for ______

Answer 10

day, night

Question 11

Images are processed in the ______ geniculate

Answer 11

lateral

Question 12

What are the 2 chambers in the cochlea?

Answer 12

scala vestibula on top and scala tympani on bottom, are connected by cochlear duct where most hearing occurs

Question 13

What perceives sound?

Answer 13

organ of cort

Question 14

Basilar fibers are shortest and thickest _________ they perceive _______ frequency sound, where membrane is ______

Answer 14

near the base of the cochlea, high frequency, narrowest

Question 15

The thinnest basilar fibers are near ___________, they perceive _______ frequency sounds, where basilar membrane is _______

Answer 15

the apex of cochlea, low, widest

Question 16

The primary sensory cell body for the auditory system is in

Answer 16

the spiral ganglion

Question 17

The ______ system is the main organ responsible for equilibrium

Answer 17

vestibular

Question 18

Vestibular system has two regions:

Answer 18

crista ampullaris (aka semicircular canals) and macula

Question 19

The macula consists of:

Answer 19

utricle and saccule

Question 20

Semicircular canals respond to _______ while maccula responds to _______

Answer 20

kinetic movement (angular acceleration and deceleration), gravitational pulland linear acceleration

Question 21

Utricle is in _______ plane and senses orientation when in _______ and saccule is in ______ and senses orientation ________

Answer 21

horizontal, upright, vertical, when laying down

Question 22

What are the 3 systems that maintain posture and equilibrium?

Answer 22

vestibular pathway, cerebellar and reticular systems

Question 23

Which part control moderately complex reflexes?

Answer 23

Brainstem and cerebelum

Question 24

What are the main differences between muscle spindles and golgi tendons?

Answer 24

Muscle spindles are spread in the muscles and sense length, are innervated by sensory and motor fibers. While golgi tendons sense tension, are scattered in tendons and are innervated only by sensory fibers

Question 25

Muscle sensory information is sent to the brain via:

Answer 25

dorsal column medial lemniscus

Question 26

How are muscle spindles and golgi tendons related?

Answer 26

When muscle spindles receive signals to contract by fast fibers, the tension increases and the golgi tendons inform the brain in order to prevent injury from extreme contraction

Question 27

In the corticospinal tract where do the fibers cross to the opposite side?

Answer 27

In the medulla oblongata

Question 28

What movements are controlled by the corticospinal tract?

Answer 28

Fine purposeful skilled movements

Question 29

What is the route of fibers in extrapyramidal tract?

Answer 29

from motor cortex to basal ganglia or cerebellum or brainstem then spinal cord

Question 30

What constitutes the brainstem?

Answer 30

medula, pons and midbrain

Question 31

What performs motor functions of face?

Answer 31

brainstem

Question 32

What are the unique functions of cerebellum?

Answer 32

pre-planning of next movements, change of one muscle movement to another, smooth progression of movements, control intensity of muscle contraction when load changes

Question 33

What are the regions of the cerebellum? and their functions?

Answer 33

Vermis is mostly responsible for trunk, intermediate zone of hemisphere is responsible for limbs and lateral zones of the hemispheres don't have topographic map but are involved in the planning and sequencing of complex movements

Question 34

Where does the output signal from the cerebellum comes from in each region and the functions?

Answer 34

From vermis is fastigial nucleus (maintenance of equilibrium, control of posture), intermediate zone in interposed nuclei (coordination of reciprocal contraction of agonist and antagonist muscles in the limbs) and lateral zone begin in dentate nucleus (coordination of sequential motor activities)

Question 35

What are the unique functions of the basal ganglia?

Answer 35

Planning and controlling of complex patterns of skilled muscle movements, control relative scale of intensity of muscle, direction of movement and sequence of multiple succesive movements

Question 36

What are the regions of the basal ganglia?

Answer 36

caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra

Question 37

Where does the motor cortex project fibers in the basal ganglia?

Answer 37

caudate nucleus and putamen (corpus striate) via corticostriate fibers

Question 38

Where does the nerves originate in sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

Answer 38

Between T1 and L2 (thoraco-lumbar) and cranial nerves of brainstem and sacral part of SC (cranio-sacral)

Question 39

Where do preganglionic neurons pass through?

Answer 39

anterior roots (or motor roots)

Question 40

How are the fibers of adrenal gland different than others?

Answer 40

It only has preganglionic fibers that terminate on the chromaffin cells, these synapse only on the spinal cord. it secretes adrenalin and nor-adrenalin

Question 41

What is the preganglionic neurotransmitter of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

Answer 41

Acetylcholine (cholinergic receptors)

Question 42

What is the neurotransmitter of postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic system?

Answer 42

Mostly norepinephrine

Question 43

What is the neurotransmitter of postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic system?

Answer 43

acetylcholine

Question 44

Where is the ganglia in the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

Answer 44

close to the spinal cord, far from spinal cord and close to the organs

Question 45

What are the receptors for acetylcholine in the ganglia and in the tissue?

Answer 45

nicotinic receptors in ganglia and muscarinic receptors in parasympathetic neurons (but can have others)

Question 46

What are cholinergic and adrenergic receptors?

Answer 46

receptors of acetylcholine and adrenaline (epinephrine)

Question 47

What are the 4 main differences of sympathetic and parasympathetic?

Answer 47

sympathetic is responsible for rapid responses, nerves leave the spinal cord between L1 and T2 (thoracolumbar), ganglia is close to the spinal cord, postganglionic neurotransmitter is mostly norepinephrine. while parasympathetic is different