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Physio Exam 3 (chapters 12-16) > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the plasma of the blood?

A
  • water (mostly,90%)
  • Ions
  • Organic molecules (amino acids, proteins, glucose, lipids, nitrogenous waste)
    • Proteins include: albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, transferrin
  • trace elements and vitamins
  • gases: CO2 and O2
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2
Q

What is the function of albumin?

A
  • regulate blood pressure

- use as a carrier to transport hydrophobic molecules

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3
Q

What process creates blood?

A

Hemaopoiesis

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4
Q

Where is blood produced?

A
  • red bone marrow

- along axial skeleton

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5
Q

Can yellow bone marrow be reconverted back into red bone marrow?

A

Yes

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6
Q

Erythropoiesis influences the growth of what?

A

-red blood cells

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7
Q

Which hormone is responsible of making RBC?

A
  • erythropoietin (EPO)

- produced in the kidney cells

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8
Q

Thrombopoeitin travels to the red bone marrow to stimulate what?

A
  • megakaryocytes

- produce primarily in the liver

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9
Q

What is the function of Thrombopoiesis?

A

-influence the growth of megakaryocytes that are responsible for the production of blood platelets

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10
Q

What is the function of Leukopoiesis?

A

-produce white blood cells

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11
Q

What stimulates the process of Leukopoeisis?

A

Colony-stimulating factors, interleukins

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12
Q

What is the parent cell of all the blood cells (white/red)?

A

-pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

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13
Q

What determines the path of the uncommitted stem cells?

A
  • Erythropoietin (EPO)
  • Thrombopoietin (TPO)
  • Colony stimulating factors
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14
Q

Where are -pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell found?

A

Red bone marrow

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15
Q

What is the function of the hematocrit test?

%’s M vs F

A

% of RBC in total blood volume

- Females: 37-47%
- males: 40-54%
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16
Q

Structure of the erythrocytes

A
  • no organelles
    • bi-concave shape: allows travel through capillaries
    • use anaerobic respiration
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17
Q

What is the normal size of a red blood cell?

A

-80-96 fL (femotoliter)

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18
Q

What is required for the synthesis of hemoglobin?

A
  • Iron (Fe)
19
Q

Explain the synthesis and destruction of hemoglobin

A
20
Q

What is the average life cycle of an RBC?

A

-120 days

21
Q

What is anemia?

A

-total circulating RBCs below normal limits

22
Q

What are the symptoms of Anemia during accelerated RBC loss?

A
  • blood loss
    • hemolytic anemias: cells rupture at an abnormally high rate
    • abnormal hemoglobin: ex. Sickle cell anemia
    • parasitic infections: ex. Malaria
23
Q

What are the symptoms of Anemia during decreased RBC production?

A
  • aplastic anemia
  • iron deficiency (Fe required for heme production)
  • folic acid deficiency (F.A required for DNA synthesis)
  • Vit B12 deficiency ( Vit B12 required for DNA synthesis)
  • inadequate production of erythropoietin (needed to stimulate red bone marrow to created RBC)
24
Q

What is Polycythemia Vera?

A

-abnormally high blood cell count

25
Q

What happens when hemostasis occurs?

A
  • vasoconstriction (constricts blood vessel)
    • reduce blood flow
  • platelet activation
    • blood clotting
26
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

-the stopping of blood flow

27
Q

What is the role of serotonin during hemostasis?

A

-its a vasoconstrictor

28
Q

How is thromboxane A2 produced In a damaged blood vessel? Function?

A

-vasoconstrictor, increases platelet aggregation

29
Q

What are the different platelet function factors? (6)

A
  • serotonin (vasoconstrictor)
  • ADP
  • Platelet activating factor: activates more platelets and produces thromboxane a2
  • thromboxane A2
  • collagen
  • platelet derived growth factor
30
Q

What is the function of the coagulation cascade?

A

-formation of solid clots

31
Q

What are the two pathways of coagulation cascade?

A
  • intrinsic pathway (contact activation)

- Extrinsic pathway (cell injury)

32
Q

Where are the clotting factors synthesized?

A

-made in the liver

33
Q

What are the factors involved in coagulation? (6)

A
  • collagen
  • tissue factor (thromboplastin or factor III)
  • prothrombin and thrombin
  • fibrinogen and fibrin
  • Ca2+
  • Vit K
34
Q

What is the process of fibrinolysis?

A

-dissolution of clot by plasmin

35
Q

During blood clotting prevention, what does the endothelium of a healthy blood vessel secrete?

A
  • prostacyclin and NO (nitric oxide; a vasodilator)

- inhibits platelet aggregation

36
Q

How is prostacyclin synthesized in a health blood vessel? Function?

A

-vasodilator, inhibits platelet aggregation

37
Q

What is the role of prostacyclin in a healthy blood vessel?

A
  • vasodilator

- inhibits platelet aggregation

38
Q

What are the roles of anticoagulants

A

-block clotting factors

39
Q

What are the different types of anticoagulants?

A

Block clotting factors

  • heparin
  • antithrombin III
  • protein C
  • vitamin K antagonist
  • aspirin (inhibits COX1)
40
Q

What are the causes of hemophilia?

A

-defective or lacking clotting factors (VIII or IX)

41
Q

What are the cellular elements found in the blood?

A
  • RBCs
  • WBCs
    • lymphocytes
    • monocytes
    • neutrophils
    • eosinophils
    • basophils

-platelets

42
Q

What is the pathway of a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell to a erythrocyte?

A 
pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell
>
Uncommitted stem cells
>
Committed progenitor cells
>
Erythroblast
> 
Reticulocyte
>
Erythrocyte
43
Q

Which protein transports Iron (Fe) in plasma?

A

Transferrin proteins

44
Q

Old RBCs are converted into what? (Destruction of hemoglobins)

A
  • bilirubin (process occurs in the spleen)
    • is eventually metabolized in the liver and excretes it in bile
    • can also be excreted in urine and feces

Physio Exam 3 (chapters 12-16) (10 decks)

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