Blood Flashcards
how much blood does the circulatory system contain?
5 L
7% of body weight
what type of tissue is blood? why?
CT:
formed elements = cell/cell derivatives
fibrinogen -= fiber precursors
plasma = ECM
function of blood
transport:
- gases (O2 + CO2)
- nutrients
- metabolites
- hormones
- waste
Also: maintain homeostasis (temperature, pH equilibrium, osmotic balance)
what are the contents of blood in 1mL
55% = plasma 1% = buffy coat 45% = RBC (hematocrit = 45)
Blood plasma contents
91% water
8% proteins
1% salts, fasses, nutrients, lipoproteins, hormones
what proteins are found in blood plasma (and their general function)
albumin (transfers recycled fatty acids and hemoglobin from RBC)
globulins (antibodies)
clotting proteins (fibrinogen for sealing leaks in vessels)
what is the function of albumin
transfers recycled fatty acids and hemoglobin from RBC to the liver
what is the function of fibrinogen
sealing leaks in vessels
Cells of blood
RBC, leukocytes (WBC), platelets
staining of blood
-Blood smear
-monolayer of blood quickly dried and stained with basic dyes (methylene blue, azure) and acid dye (eosin) = Wright stain or Giemsa stain
-erythrocytes = eosin
-WBC nuclei = basic dye
LOOK FOR CELLS NOT ORGANELLES
reticulocytes
new RBC’s that still have a stainable rER
glycophorins
-transmembrane protein on RBC PM that contains A/B antigen for blood typing and function in structure
band 3 proteins
- transmembrane protein on RBC PM that contain an anion exchange pump that exchanges HCO3- with Cl- in lungs
- important in binding to hemoglobin
- anchor for cytoskeletal proteins
glycophorin C + band 3
proteins important in anchoring to cytoplasm
also they bind to peripheral proteins (band 4.1 and ankyrin, respectively ) that provide medhwork that allows for RBC form/deform through the capillaries
proteins in the mesh of RBC plasma membrane
peripheral protein mesh that binds to band 4.1 and ankyrin peripheral proteins (attached to glycophoring C and band 3, respectively)
- peripheral protein mesh = spectrin, band 4.1, adductin, band 4.9
- allow for RBC flexility in deform/reform
RBC cytoplasm
mainly hemoglobin (iron containing protein that carries O2/CO2)
transferrin
bring recycled iron from phagocytosized hemoglobin back to the bone marrow
anermia
low RBC (thus loss of o2 carrying function… no o2 = not enough energy to do things)
symptoms: shortness of breath, fatigue, lethargy
cause: loss of blood, iron deficiency, vitamin deficiency, genetic factos
hereditary spherocytosis
defect in binding specring to band 4.1.. lose ability to deform/reform RBC
results in round, fragile RBC that are rapidly degraded.. resulting in anemia
sickle cell anemia
change in the shape of RBC due to a single amino acid mutation in hemoglobin
- stiff fragile RBC that lose the ability to deform and tend to stick together making circulation through capillaries difficult
- symptoms: pain, inflammation, and loss of circulation
erythropoietin
hormone secreted from the kidney that helps regulate RBC production
-athletes take synthetic form to increase performance
secondary polycythemia
tumors secrete this hormone and drastically build up RBC count
Leukocytes
- produced in bone marrow
- use blood as a highway to reach CT (where they are active)
- contain nucleus
- granulocytes = “phils” (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
- agranulocytes = “cytes” (lymphocytes, monocytes
granulocytes
- named based on their affinity for stain
- PMNs, eosinophils, basophils
- all contain a SINGLE nucleus (lobated or irregular)
- inactive until enter CT via diapedesis
specific neutrophilic granules
- pink dusty background stain
- contain antibacterial proteolytic enzymes (lysozyme, lactoferritin) that fuse with phagosome allowing for phagocytosis of BACTERIA
- *SMALLER AND LESS ELECTRON DENSE THAN NONSPECIFIC
azurophils in PMNs
- nonspecific granules
- lysosomes (with elastase)
- contain antimicrobial peptides (defensins) and myeloperoxidase (produce hyperchlorite)
- larger and fewer that specific granules in PMNs
- fuse with phagosome (begin to act when pH is low enough) and release hydrolases and peroxidase
eosinophil function
anti-parasitic and decrease allergic inflammatory response (via histaminase and arylsulfatase)
specific granules in eosinophil contain
antiparasitic substances (major basic protein, cationic protein, neurotoxins, peroxidase) + anti-inflammatory substances (histaminase + arylsufatase to counteract leukotrienes)
specific granules in basophil contain
histamine, heparin, chemotactic factors for PMNs and eosinophil
eosinophil function
allergic reaction (similar reaction as mast cells).. antigenic stimulation. cause increased inflammation (release histamine, heparin, chemotactic factors from granules.. this lets the formation of leukotriene for increased inflammatory response)
agranulocytes
single NONLOBED nucleus
HAVE NON-SPECIFIC GRANULES, LACK SPECIFIC GRANULES
inactive in blood (highway) until in CT
what is the major organelle found in lymphocytes
ribosomes
what type of immunity are t-cells for? b-cells?
t-cells = cellular immunity b-cells = humoral immunity
function of monocyte
precursor for other phagocytic cels (macrophages, kupffer cells in liver, osteoclasts)
extend their pseudopods for phagocytosis
what is the main organelle in monocytes
lysosomes
what are all of the functions of platlets?
MAKE AND DISSOLVE CLOTS FOR WHEN A BLOOD VESSEL IS RUPTURED
- detect exposed collagen in a torn blood vessel
- release factors to increase adhesion to the glycocalyx (delta granules)
- Secrete growth factors (Platelet derived growth factor.. PDGF)
- release factors to promote blood clotting (alpha granules, and catalysis of fibrin to fibrinogen)
- shrink the clot via actin and myosin contracting to bring the walls of the vessel closer
- lysosomes to help break up the clot (lambda granules)
plasminogen
propeptidase in blood that is activated by tissue plasminogen activator to be plasmin a potent peptidase for dissolving clots
plasmin
enzyme that dissolves clots (derived from plasminogen)
alpha granules
promote platelet aggregation and stimulate repair of connective tissue
delta granules
promote adhesion of glycocalyx (on platelet) to blood vessel walls
lambda granules
lysosomal granules that help dissolve a blood clot
thrombocytopenia
abnormally low platelet count.. can result in spontaneous or unchecked bleeding
tissue plasminogen activator
naturally occurring substance from the endothelial cells underlying connective tissue.. acts on plasminogen to make it plasmin
-injections of it help dissolve existing clots in vessels (ie: stroke) and prevent the formation of additional clots
