Blood

Question 1

how much blood does the circulatory system contain?

Answer 1

5 L

7% of body weight

Question 2

what type of tissue is blood? why?

Answer 2

CT:
formed elements = cell/cell derivatives
fibrinogen -= fiber precursors
plasma = ECM

Question 3

function of blood

Answer 3

transport:

1. gases (O2 + CO2)
2. nutrients
3. metabolites
4. hormones
5. waste

Also: maintain homeostasis (temperature, pH equilibrium, osmotic balance)

Question 4

what are the contents of blood in 1mL

Answer 4

55% = plasma
1% = buffy coat
45% = RBC (hematocrit = 45)

Question 5

Blood plasma contents

Answer 5

91% water
8% proteins
1% salts, fasses, nutrients, lipoproteins, hormones

Question 6

what proteins are found in blood plasma (and their general function)

Answer 6

albumin (transfers recycled fatty acids and hemoglobin from RBC)
globulins (antibodies)
clotting proteins (fibrinogen for sealing leaks in vessels)

Question 7

what is the function of albumin

Answer 7

transfers recycled fatty acids and hemoglobin from RBC to the liver

Question 8

what is the function of fibrinogen

Answer 8

sealing leaks in vessels

Question 9

Cells of blood

Answer 9

RBC, leukocytes (WBC), platelets

Question 10

staining of blood

Answer 10

-Blood smear
-monolayer of blood quickly dried and stained with basic dyes (methylene blue, azure) and acid dye (eosin) = Wright stain or Giemsa stain
-erythrocytes = eosin
-WBC nuclei = basic dye
LOOK FOR CELLS NOT ORGANELLES

Question 11

reticulocytes

Answer 11

new RBC’s that still have a stainable rER

Question 12

glycophorins

Answer 12

-transmembrane protein on RBC PM that contains A/B antigen for blood typing and function in structure

Question 13

band 3 proteins

Answer 13

• transmembrane protein on RBC PM that contain an anion exchange pump that exchanges HCO3- with Cl- in lungs
• important in binding to hemoglobin
• anchor for cytoskeletal proteins

Question 14

glycophorin C + band 3

Answer 14

proteins important in anchoring to cytoplasm
also they bind to peripheral proteins (band 4.1 and ankyrin, respectively ) that provide medhwork that allows for RBC form/deform through the capillaries

Question 15

proteins in the mesh of RBC plasma membrane

Answer 15

peripheral protein mesh that binds to band 4.1 and ankyrin peripheral proteins (attached to glycophoring C and band 3, respectively)

• peripheral protein mesh = spectrin, band 4.1, adductin, band 4.9
• allow for RBC flexility in deform/reform

Question 16

RBC cytoplasm

Answer 16

mainly hemoglobin (iron containing protein that carries O2/CO2)

Question 17

transferrin

Answer 17

bring recycled iron from phagocytosized hemoglobin back to the bone marrow

Question 18

anermia

Answer 18

low RBC (thus loss of o2 carrying function… no o2 = not enough energy to do things)

symptoms: shortness of breath, fatigue, lethargy
cause: loss of blood, iron deficiency, vitamin deficiency, genetic factos

Question 19

hereditary spherocytosis

Answer 19

defect in binding specring to band 4.1.. lose ability to deform/reform RBC
results in round, fragile RBC that are rapidly degraded.. resulting in anemia

Question 20

sickle cell anemia

Answer 20

change in the shape of RBC due to a single amino acid mutation in hemoglobin

• stiff fragile RBC that lose the ability to deform and tend to stick together making circulation through capillaries difficult
• symptoms: pain, inflammation, and loss of circulation

Question 21

erythropoietin

Answer 21

hormone secreted from the kidney that helps regulate RBC production
-athletes take synthetic form to increase performance

Question 22

secondary polycythemia

Answer 22

tumors secrete this hormone and drastically build up RBC count

Question 23

Leukocytes

Answer 23

• produced in bone marrow
• use blood as a highway to reach CT (where they are active)
• contain nucleus
• granulocytes = “phils” (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
• agranulocytes = “cytes” (lymphocytes, monocytes

Question 24

granulocytes

Answer 24

• named based on their affinity for stain
• PMNs, eosinophils, basophils
• all contain a SINGLE nucleus (lobated or irregular)
• inactive until enter CT via diapedesis

Question 25

specific neutrophilic granules

Answer 25

- pink dusty background stain - contain antibacterial proteolytic enzymes (lysozyme, lactoferritin) that fuse with phagosome allowing for phagocytosis of BACTERIA * *SMALLER AND LESS ELECTRON DENSE THAN NONSPECIFIC

Question 26

azurophils in PMNs

Answer 26

- nonspecific granules - lysosomes (with elastase) - contain antimicrobial peptides (defensins) and myeloperoxidase (produce hyperchlorite) - larger and fewer that specific granules in PMNs - fuse with phagosome (begin to act when pH is low enough) and release hydrolases and peroxidase

Question 27

eosinophil function

Answer 27

anti-parasitic and decrease allergic inflammatory response (via histaminase and arylsulfatase)

Question 28

specific granules in eosinophil contain

Answer 28

antiparasitic substances (major basic protein, cationic protein, neurotoxins, peroxidase) + anti-inflammatory substances (histaminase + arylsufatase to counteract leukotrienes)

Question 29

specific granules in basophil contain

Answer 29

histamine, heparin, chemotactic factors for PMNs and eosinophil

Question 30

eosinophil function

Answer 30

``` allergic reaction (similar reaction as mast cells).. antigenic stimulation. cause increased inflammation (release histamine, heparin, chemotactic factors from granules.. this lets the formation of leukotriene for increased inflammatory response) ```

Question 31

agranulocytes

Answer 31

single NONLOBED nucleus HAVE NON-SPECIFIC GRANULES, LACK SPECIFIC GRANULES inactive in blood (highway) until in CT

Question 32

what is the major organelle found in lymphocytes

Answer 32

ribosomes

Question 33

what type of immunity are t-cells for? b-cells?

Answer 33

``` t-cells = cellular immunity b-cells = humoral immunity ```

Question 34

function of monocyte

Answer 34

precursor for other phagocytic cels (macrophages, kupffer cells in liver, osteoclasts) extend their pseudopods for phagocytosis

Question 35

what is the main organelle in monocytes

Answer 35

lysosomes

Question 36

what are all of the functions of platlets?

Answer 36

MAKE AND DISSOLVE CLOTS FOR WHEN A BLOOD VESSEL IS RUPTURED 1. detect exposed collagen in a torn blood vessel 2. release factors to increase adhesion to the glycocalyx (delta granules) 3. Secrete growth factors (Platelet derived growth factor.. PDGF) 4. release factors to promote blood clotting (alpha granules, and catalysis of fibrin to fibrinogen) 5. shrink the clot via actin and myosin contracting to bring the walls of the vessel closer 6. lysosomes to help break up the clot (lambda granules)

Question 37

plasminogen

Answer 37

propeptidase in blood that is activated by tissue plasminogen activator to be plasmin a potent peptidase for dissolving clots

Question 38

plasmin

Answer 38

enzyme that dissolves clots (derived from plasminogen)

Question 39

alpha granules

Answer 39

promote platelet aggregation and stimulate repair of connective tissue

Question 40

delta granules

Answer 40

promote adhesion of glycocalyx (on platelet) to blood vessel walls

Question 41

lambda granules

Answer 41

lysosomal granules that help dissolve a blood clot

Question 42

thrombocytopenia

Answer 42

abnormally low platelet count.. can result in spontaneous or unchecked bleeding

Question 43

tissue plasminogen activator

Answer 43

naturally occurring substance from the endothelial cells underlying connective tissue.. acts on plasminogen to make it plasmin -injections of it help dissolve existing clots in vessels (ie: stroke) and prevent the formation of additional clots