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Block 3 Week 4 Meg > Blomquist: Lipids part II > Flashcards

Blomquist: Lipids part II Flashcards

1
Q

What three things make up phospholipids?

A
  1. glycerol
  2. fatty acids
  3. bases
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2
Q

What are some common bases that make up phospholipids?

A

ethanolamine
choline
serine
glycerol

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3
Q

What is the most abundant phospholipid?

A

phosphatidylcholine

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4
Q

Double bonds in fatty acids make membranes more (blank); cholesterol makes membranes less (blank)

A

fluid; fluid

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5
Q

(blank) are structures outside of the cell membrane facing the extracellular fluid.

A

glycolipids

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6
Q

Components of cell membranes

A

cholesterol, integral proteins, peripheral proteins, glycoproteins, carbohydrate, glycolipids

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7
Q

Phospholipid comprised of two phosphatidic acids joined by a glycerol
Comprises about 20% of the inner mitochondria membrane
Abundant in bacteria

A

cardiolipin

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8
Q

Phospholipid with an ether linkage

A

plasmalogen

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9
Q

Mediates hypersensitivity, allergic responses, others. Inactivated by hydrolysis of acetyl group and reacylation with fatty acyl group to form ether-type membrane phospholipid. First phospholipid shown to have special function.

A

Platelet activating factor

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10
Q

What group is at the R2 position of platelet activating factor?

A

acetyl group

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11
Q

A type of phospholipid that is rapidly turned over and is a part of a second messenger signal cascade

A

phosphoinositol (IP3)

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12
Q

oxytocin
vasopressin
histamine
angiotensin II

A

Hormones that use the IP3 pathway

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13
Q

Discuss the IP3 pathway in an example with activation by vasopressin.

A

Vasopressin binds to GPCR, takes GDP to GTP, GTP activates phospholipase C which cleaves PIP2 into IP3 and DAG. IP3 causes the release of calcium ions, and DAG activates PKC

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14
Q

When PKC is activated, it can stay active for a long time. However, Ca+ and DAG do not. What happens to each?

A

Ca+ will be pumped out of the cytoplasm (either into SR or out of cell) and DAG will turn back into a phospholipid

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15
Q

What cleaves PIP2 to IP3 and DAG?

A

Phospholipase C

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16
Q

Steps in phospholipid biosynthesis. What does it start with? What does it end with? Name an intermediate

A 
Glycerol 3-phosphate
Lysophosphatidic acid
Phosphatidic acid
DAG
TAG
17
Q

One route to forming phospholipids involves activation of a head group or base to a (blank). What does this require? Give an example.

A

CDP-base (cytidine diphosphate)
CTP
choline –> CDP choline

18
Q

So, one way to generate phospholipids is to use a cytosine-nucleotide derivative, a CDP-[base], to donate a polar head group via a phospho[base] transferase. Give an example.

A

DAG —> phosphocholine transferase –> phosphatidylcholine

19
Q

If you start with phosphatidylethanolamine, S-adenosylmethionine can donate a methyl group to form what major membrane lipid?

A

phosphatidylcholine

20
Q

Phosphatidylserine can be formed by exchanging an (blank) for a serine

A

ethanolamine

21
Q

Phosphatidylserine can be decarboxylation to form (blank)

A

phosphatidylethanolamine

22
Q

A second way to synthesize phospholipids, such as PI and PS, is to activate (blank) with a cytosine-nucleotide lipid derivative, and form (blank).

A

DAG; CDP-DAG

23
Q

(blank) can be added to CDP-DAG to form phosphatidylserine

A

serine

24
Q

Important phospholipase in eicosanoid production (cuts at R2 position of phospholipid)

A

phospholipase A2

25
Q

Important phospholipase in IP3 signaling pathway

A

phospholipase C

26
Q

Phopholipase A2 releases arachidonic acid
from the 2-position of phospholipids to initiate (blank) production. (blank) represses phopholipase synthesis –long acting anti-inflamatory steroid.

A

eicosanoid; Cortisone

27
Q

Components of a sphingolipid

A

sphingosphine
fatty acid
base

28
Q

What two things come together before being activated by a fatty acid to form ceramide?

A

palmitoyl-CoA and serine

29
Q

a sphingosine with an acyl (FA) group

A

ceramide

30
Q

Why is a serine necessary for the sphingosine backbone?

A

provides the amine

31
Q

Ceramide can form sphingomyelin through the addition of what?
Ceramide can form cerebrosides through the addition of what?

A

phospho-choline head group

sugar added from UDP-galactose

32
Q

A glucocerebroside is a ceramide with a (blank) residue

A

glucose

33
Q

A galactocerebroside is a ceramide with a (blank) residue

A

galactose

34
Q

Where are glucocerebrosides and galactocerebrosides primarily found?

A

In brain tissue

35
Q

Galactocerebroside with a sulfate group

A

sulfolipid

36
Q

Disease resulting from inability to degrade a ganglioside, so lysosomes fill up with undegraded gangliosides and cause weakness, retardation, blindess, and death by age 3 or 4.

A

Tay-Sachs disease

37
Q

Tay-Sachs is an inability to breakdown (blank)

A

gangliosides

38
Q

What’s the enzyme deficiency in Tay-Sachs disease?

A

hexosaminidase A

Block 3 Week 4 Meg (6 decks)

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