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QP Final > Block V - Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Block V - Cardiovascular Flashcards

12. Electrical activity of the heart 13. Mechanical activity of the heart 14. Blood flow and microcirculation 15. Vessel regulation

1
Q

Where is the bicuspid or mitral valve located?

A

The bicuspid valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle

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2
Q

What is an ECG?

A

An illustration of the cardiac conduction system

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3
Q

What causes the P wave in an ECG pattern?

A

Depolarization of atrial muscle fibers

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4
Q

In an ECG, during which wave does ventricular repolarization occur?

A

T wave

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5
Q

Can ECG be used for determining a patient’s cardiac output stroke volume heart sounds end-diastolic volume?

A

No. Would be useful for determining heart rate.

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6
Q

What is most responsible for the plateau of the cardiac action potential?

A

Both calcium and potassium channels

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7
Q

Which cells have pacemaker potential?

A

The sino-atrial nodal cells

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8
Q

What determines cardiac outpout?

A

Stroke volume multiplied by heart rate

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9
Q

What is the ratio of stroke volume and end-diastolic volume?

A

Ejection fraction

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10
Q

Are the stroke volume, stroke work, cardiac output, cardiac work the indices of ventricular performance?

A

Yes

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11
Q

What is the most important factor in influencing the amount of blood pumped by the ventricle?

A

Venous return

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12
Q

Which two great vessels bring deoxygenated blood back to the heart?

A

Superior and inferior vena cavae

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13
Q

When does the first heart sound occur?

A

The first heart sound occurs during the phase of isovolumetric contraction

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14
Q

What is the correct sequence for the path of cardiac impulse?

A

SA node, AV node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers

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15
Q

Where are the bundle of His and its branches located?

A

The bundle of His and its branches are located in the inter ventricular septum

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16
Q

What are most responsible for phase 0 of a cardiac action potential?

A

Sodium channels

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17
Q

What events cause cardiacmyocyte repolarization?

A

Calcium channels begin to close while more potassium channels open; potassium rapidly leaves the cell

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18
Q

What relationship is defined by Frank-Starling’s law of the heart?

A

End-diastolic volume and stroke volume

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19
Q

The opening of which channel in the auto rhythmic cell (pace maker cell) is responsible for the huge positive spike in membrane potential?

A

L-type calcium channel

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20
Q

What is the typical stroke volume for an adult at rest?

A

70 or 80 mL

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21
Q

Which two heart chambers pump oxygenated blood?

A

Left atrium and left ventricle

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22
Q

When does the atrial systole occur

A

Towards the end of ventricular diastole

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23
Q

Due to what event does the second heart sound occur?

A

Closing of the semilunar valves

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24
Q

What is the heart rate dependent on?

A

Rate of pacemaker potential

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25
Q

Which structure has the slowest conduction velocity of the cardiac impulse?

A

AV nodal fibers

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26
Q

What is the correct sequence for the blood flow in the heart?

A

Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonic valve, pulmonary circulation, left atria, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta

27
Q

What is the result from delay of spread of electrical activation from atria to ventricles?

A

The delay allows atrial contraction to push an additional amount of blood into the ventricle before it contracts

28
Q

Which heart valves open during the diastole and systole of the heart cycle?

A

Diastolic: AV valves open and semilunar close.
Systolic: AV close and semilunar open

29
Q

What changes in the ventricular pressure during isovolumic contraction phase of cardiac cycle?

A

The beginning of ventricular contraction causes leaflets of the mitral valve to close, continuation of ventricular muscle contraction will increase ventricular pressure very rapidly until it exceeds aortic pressure

30
Q

What is the Beta adrenergic effect on the ventricular myocyte’s function?

A

It increase cAMP/PKA signal pathway which activates L-type calcium channels. Also, it causes release of free Ca from the SR. The general result is to increase muscle contractility

31
Q

What is the effect of activation of the baroreceptor reflex during hemorrhage?

A

Increase in HR due to activation of sympathetic tone on the vasculature

32
Q

If the systolic arterial pressure is 125 and the diastolic is 85, what is the estimated mean arterial pressure?

A

98 (diastolic + delta/3)

33
Q

What is the effect of nitric oxide on vascular smooth muscle cell function?

A

NO contributes to arteriolar vasodilation in the basal state

34
Q

What is active hyperemia?

A

Increasing blood flow of an organ when its metabolic activity increases

35
Q

Where does the slowest velocity of blood flow occur?

A

Capillaries

36
Q

What happens to the capillary hydrostatic pressure when arteriolar constriction occurs?

A

Decrease

37
Q

Where does the highest vascular resistance in the cardiovascular system occurs

A

Arterioles, where the large decrease in pressure within the systemic circulation takes places

38
Q

What is the effect on HR by decreasing parasympathetic stimulation?

A

HR increases

39
Q

What mechanism by which the exchange of lipid-soluble substances (CO2, O2) across the capillary membrane occur?

A

Diffusion

40
Q

How do you determine resistance to flow in a BV?

A

R increases in proportion to the length decreases with 4th power of the radius, increases with viscosity

41
Q

What will cause a decreases hematocrit in the microcirculation?

A

The parabolic velocity profile in arterioles and venues with velocity higher near the center of the vessel; deformable RBCs tend to be found closer to the center and away from arteriolar walls; plasma near the wall moves more slowly

42
Q

Is flow in microcirculation assumed to be steady

A

Yes

43
Q

Where is NO released from

A

Arteriolar endothelial cells

44
Q

What does the Starling’s Law of Filtration predict?

A
  • less filtration if tissue hydrostatic pressure increases
  • more filtration if plasma osmotic pressure decreases
  • less filtration if filtration coefficient decreases
45
Q

Is blood composed of approx. the same number of RBCs and WBCs?

A

No. RBC are 45% of blood volume while WBC are < 1%

46
Q

What types of cells are in the microvessel other than hematic cells?

A

ECs, pericytes, SMCs

47
Q

What is the myogenic and metabolic vasodilator hypotheses of auto regulation?

A

Myogenic autoregulation depends on stretch activated ion channels in vascular smooth muscle that, when stretched, allow Ca ions to enter and induce contraction. Metabolic autoregulation is thought to be due, in part, to substances produced in the tissue, in proportion to metabolism, which are vasoactive

48
Q

What is the Fahraeus effect?

A

More RBC in arterioles than capillaries

49
Q

What percent of blood is carried by capillaries?

A

At any given moment, 5% of circulating blood volume

50
Q

How close are cells from a capillary?

A

Most not more than 0.1mm

51
Q

What is the effect of venous constriction on the capillary hydrostatic pressure?

A

Increased

52
Q

What is the relationship between the arteriolar vasodilators production and the local oxygen level?

A

The production of vasodilators is inversely proportional to the local O2 levels

53
Q

Does EC produce more NO in response to shear stress?

A

Yes

54
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on capillary hydrostatic pressure?

A

Decreased

55
Q

What factors determine changes in mean arterial pressure?

A

Cardiac output and/or total peripheral resistance

56
Q

Does parasympathetic stimulation control arteriolar resistance?

A

No or minimal

57
Q

How does a long-term regulation of BP by kidney occur?

A

It regulates blood volume by adjust salt and water excretion

58
Q

What is flow auto regulation?

A

Maintaining blood flow nearly constant in the face of pressure change

59
Q

What vascular region has the least smooth muscle?

A

Capillaries

60
Q

What is the most important factor for vascular resistance?

A

Diameter

61
Q

What are the nonadrenergic, noncholinergic autonomic neurons?

A

A 3rd subsystem of neurons that use NO as a neurotransmitter have been described and found to be integral in autonomic function, particularly in the gut and the lungs

62
Q

Where is the most blood in the cardiovascular system?

A

Veins

63
Q

How does the vasodilator production relate to local O2 level?

A

Inversely proportional to

64
Q

Are ECs involved in the myogenic response?

A

No

QP Final (9 decks)

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