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QP Final > Block IV - Endocrine > Flashcards

Block IV - Endocrine Flashcards

10. Function and regulation of hormones 11. Major endocrine organs

1
Q

Where is the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secreted from?

A

Pituitary gland

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2
Q

Where is progesterone secreted from?

A

Ovaries

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3
Q

Which hormones regulate calcium absorption?

A

Vitamin D (calcitrol) increases calcium absorption; parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases vitamin D synthesis

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4
Q

Where is insulin secreted from?

A

Pancreatic Beta-cells

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5
Q

What class does the receptor of testosterone belong to?

A

Nuclear receptor

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6
Q

Compare endocrine and nervous system

A

Nervous sends signals via neurons to specific targeting cels. Endocrine sends hormones through blood that affect near and far cells nonspecifically; its action is slower and longer in comparison

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7
Q

What is the hormone secreted from the adipose tissue that controls food intake?

A

Leptin

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8
Q

What is the pituitary peptide that stimulates the thyroid gland?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

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9
Q

What is the largest class of hormones, in terms of number of hormones/class?

A

The protein or peptide hormones

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10
Q

Are steroid hormones made by enzymatic conversion from cholesterol?

A

Yes

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11
Q

What is the type of chronotropic control observed within the endocrine system that is episodic and occurs at a pulse frequency of 24 hours?

A

Circadian secretion

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12
Q

Amino acid derivatives include:

A

Thyroid hormones are basically “double” tyrosine with the critical incorporation of 3 or 4 iodine atoms. Catecholamines include eli, norepi, dopamine, which are used as both hormones and neurotransmitters. Others: serotonin, melatonin, etc.

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13
Q

What is the receptor of catecholamine?

A

Adrenergic receptor that is a 7-trans-membrane spanning protein

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14
Q

What does a shift of the hormone dose response curve to the right from the control biologic response curve indicate?

A

An ED50 dose of hormone that is greater than before the shift occurred. The response of receptor (binding, activity etc) is reduced for the same concentration of hormonal stimulation.

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15
Q

What is the relationship between the metabolic clearance of hormone and its half-life?

A

The shorter the half-life, the higher the metabolic clearance number

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16
Q

Give examples of the way that the nervous system integrates its control with the classical endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus secretion of releasing hormones, hypothalamus secretion of posterior pituitary hormones, adrenal medulla secretion of catecholamines, autonomic nervous system control of endocrine secretion

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17
Q

In complex control systems there are usually 3 hormones secreted in a consecutive relationship. Where is the tertiary endocrine gland found in this arrangement.

A

At the hypothalamus

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18
Q

In the negative feedback of complex neuroendocrine control systems; what happens if negative feedback from the primary gland hormone decreases for some reason?

A

The secondary gland increases secretion of its tropic hormone

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19
Q

Assume there is a primary hypo secretion of a hormone (i.e. the peripheral endocrine gland such as the adrenal, thyroid, and gonads). Which hormone patter of the primary and secondary gland best describes this clinical event?

A

The tropic hormone is high because of lack of negative feedback by the primary gland which is low

20
Q

Where is the corticotropin releasing hormone secreted from?

A

Hypothalamus

21
Q

What is the peptide hormone secreted by the panaceas alpha-cells that raises plasma glucose by its action in the liver?

A

Glucagon

22
Q

What is the relationship among insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin?

A

All inhibit to each other except glucagon stimulates the other two.

23
Q

What is the critical step by which 25-OH-D is converted to the active form 1,25-(OH) D?

A

In the kidney, the enzyme 1alpha-hydraxylase converts 25-OH-D to the 1,25-(OH) D

24
Q

Which class size does the steroid hormone belong to?

A

The intermediate class size (hormone number/class) of hormones

25
Q

What is the function of T3 thyroid hormone?

A

Decrease TSH from the anterior pituitary, increases basal metabolism all over the body, plays a significant role in brain growth and development.

26
Q

What are the characteristic actions and functions of prolactin?

A

Stimulation of milk secretion by the mammary glands, a synergistic action with LH and FSH with on the ovary or testis causing gamete and hormone production by these tissues, acting as an immune boosting hormone

27
Q

What is the indole hormone secreted from the pineal gland?

A

Melatonin, which is a tryptamine derivative

28
Q

Can you give examples of hormones that act mainly through nuclear receptor?

A

T3 and T4, testosterone, vitamin D, estradiol, cortisol, progesterone, aldosterone

29
Q

What is ultradian rhythm?

A

Type of chronotropic control observed with the endocrine system that is episodic and occurs at a pule frequency of less than 24 hours and greater than 1 hour

30
Q

What is primary hypo secretion?

A

Condition whereby the primary endocrine gland (i.e. the 3rd gland from the hypothalamus) hypo secretes its hormone

31
Q

What is the steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal that regulates sodium reabsorption by the kidney?

A

Aldosterone, which is secreted form Zona glomerulosa

32
Q

What is the location of receptor of protein hormone?

A

Membrane

33
Q

What is the hormone that specifically inhibits the pituitary secretion of ACTH?

A

Cortisol

34
Q

In complex control systems there are usually three hormones secreted in a consecutive relationship. Where is the primary endocrine gland located?

A

Periphery (i.e. away from the brain)

35
Q

What is the other name of vasopressin?

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

36
Q

What is Cushing syndrome and Addison’s disease?

A

Cushing: hypersecretion of cortisol
Addison: hyposecretion of cortisol

37
Q

What is the effect of plasma thyroid hormone on TSH and TRH secretion?

A

Inhibition

38
Q

How many hormones are released from pituitary gland?

A

Anterior (6): FSH, LH, GH, TSH, Prolactin, ACTH

Posterior (2): oxytocin, vasopressin

39
Q

How many hormones are released from hypothalamus?

A

(6) GnRH, GHRH, SS, TRH, DA, CRH

40
Q

What are the common stimulators for insulin release from human pancreatic Beta-cells

A

Glucagon, potassium, glucose, amino acids, fatty acid

41
Q

What are the common inhibitors for insulin release from human pancreatic Beta-cells?

A

Somatostatin, epi, norepi

42
Q

What hormones are secreted from adrenal gland?

A

Aldosterone, cortisol, androgen, epi, norepi

43
Q

What are the major differences between type I and type II diabetes mellitus?

A 
Type I (insulin-dependent) is a defect in beta-cells, which are largely missing due to auto-immune attack.
Type II (insulin-independent) is a defect on non-beta-cells (muscle, liver, adipose) where insulin receptor and its signaling pathways are damaged.
44
Q

Name 3 major functions of glucocorticoid.

A

anti-inflammatory, suppress immune system, increase CBG

45
Q

What are the major defective sites of Type I and Type II diabetes?

A

Type I: lacks pancreatic beta-cells so it is insulin-dependent
Type II: fails in function of insulin receptor

QP Final (9 decks)

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