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Police and Policing > Block two : Policing of cyber crimes, technology > Flashcards

Block two : Policing of cyber crimes, technology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three categories of cyber crime?

A

Facilitates existing criminal activity, new crimes recognised by existing laws, new ‘harms’ unrecognised by laws

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2
Q

What is cyber-enabled crime?

A

Existing crimes transformed - hate crimes

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3
Q

What is cyber dependent crime?

A

New crimes recognised by existing laws - hacking

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4
Q

What is computer misuse act? (1990)

A

Hacking, malware, denial of service ( including terrorism)

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5
Q

What are offences against the person Act 1861, Malicious Comms Act 1988?

A

Threats of violence or messages of menacing character

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6
Q

what is Protection from Harassment Act 1997?

A

Online stalking (fear of violence or serious alarm or distress)

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7
Q

what is Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015?

A

Disclosing private sexual images without consent

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8
Q

What is Sexual Offences Act 2003?

A

Online Grooming

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9
Q

What is Crime and Disorder Act 1998, Malicious Communications Act 1998 and the Communications Act 2003 ?

A

Hateful social media posts will be considered to be criminal if:
- Their content is grossly offensive
- Their content is threatening or abusive and is intended to or likely to stir up racial hatred
- Their content is threatening and is intended to stir up hatred on the grounds of religion or sexual orientation

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10
Q

What are current policy Initiatives in the UK ?

A

UK National Security Strategy (HM Government, 2015), UK Cyber Security Strategy (Cabinet Office, 2022-2030)GCHQ National Cyber Security Centre National Crime Agency

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11
Q

What isUK National Security Strategy (HM Government, 2015)?

A

Cybercime a tier one threat (above organised crime)

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12
Q

What is UK Cyber Security Strategy (Cabinet Office, 2022-2030)?

A

Invest £2.6 billion (lots of graduate jobs!)
Manage cyber risks
Protect against attack
Detect cyber events
Minimise impact

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13
Q

What does Develop skills GCHQ National Cyber Security Centre do?

A
  • Supports Gov, industry and SMEs
  • Education/Training
  • University Academic Centres of Excellence
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14
Q

What are five forms of capital that shape nodal networks?

A

Social capital, cultural capital, political , economic , symbolic capital

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15
Q

What are Nodal clusters that form the cybercrime reduction network?

A

government, law enforcement, private industry and general public

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16
Q

Who came up with “nodal clusters”?

A

Nhan and Huey (2008)

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17
Q

what are explanations for poor cooperation in cybercrime ?

A
  • over-crowded cybersecurity space
  • criminal justice system’s poor record in apprehension and prosecution
  • inhibiting legislation and historically poor engagement with SMEs
  • difficult to justify a business case for spending in austere times
  • low levels of network capital
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18
Q

What are the 4 approaches to police use of social media?

A

Push, Pull, Transactions, networking

19
Q

What is push approach of media?

A

One - way ‘broadcast’ information. public as audience

20
Q

What is pull approach of media?

A

Two-way ‘drawing in’ information, public as sensors

21
Q

What is transactions approach of media?

A

Environment for transactions, public as service users

22
Q

What is the networking approach in media?

A

Community building, public as participants/collaborators

23
Q

What four ways can users publish information about local social disorder?

A

As victims, as first-hand witnesses, as second-hand observers, as perpetrators

24
Q

What are 4 definitions of victim centred definitions?

A

Hate motivation, hate incident, hate crime, incitement to hatred

25
Q

What are six monitored hate crime strands?

A

Race or ethnicity, religion or belief, sexual orientation, disability, transgender identity

26
Q

How many hate crimes were recorded by police in England and Wales in 2021/22?

A

155,841

27
Q

Police stats - What percentage of hate crimes are related to race?

A

70%

28
Q

Police stats - What percentage of hate crimes are related to trans?

A

27%

29
Q

Police stats - What percentage of hate crimes are related to disability?

A

9%

30
Q

Police stats - What percentage of hate crimes are related to religion?

A

6%

31
Q

What are two types of counting cyber crimes

A

Cyber-enabled, cyber dependent, personal Cybercrime across Europe

32
Q

What are features of the Hatred Motivational model?

A

Mainly adopted in Europe
In law prejudice and hatred prescribed
Law in England & Wales specifies ‘identity based hostility’
Suspect must demonstrate or be (partly) motivated by identity based hostility

33
Q

What are features of the Group selection model?

A

Mainly used in United States
No prejudice or hatred prescribed in law
No expression of identity based hostility needed
Suspect must simply “intentionally select” their victim “because of” their belonging to a protected group
This model can capture more ‘hate crime’ cases
Difficult to prove selection of victim was based on hate and not something else

34
Q

Which hate crime models are opposite to each other?

A

Hatred motivational Model and Group selection

35
Q

What is Hate motivation?

A

Hate crimes and incidents are taken to mean any crime or incident where the perpetrator’s hostility or prejudice against an identifiable group of people is a factor in determining who is victimised”

36
Q

What are hate incidents?

A

“Any non-crime incident which is perceived, by the victim or any other person, to be motivated by a hostility or prejudice based on a victim’s disability, race, religion, sexual orientation or transgender identity.”

37
Q

What is hate crime?

A

“A hate crime is a criminal offence which is perceived, by the victim or any other person, to be motivated by a hostility or prejudice based on a victim’s disability, race, religion, sexual orientation or transgender identity.”

38
Q

What is Incitement to hatred?

A

“Incitement to racial hatred, incitement to religious hatred and incitement to hatred on the grounds of sexual orientation are all criminal offences”

39
Q

What is Crime and Disorder Act 1998† ?

A

Racially or religiously* aggravated assault, criminal damage, public order offences, and harassment
† Not all crimes covered (sexual offences, burglary, robbery, fraud and forgery, homicide etc.).

40
Q

what did the Criminal Justice Act 2003 cover?

A

Sentence enhancement where the following are aggravating factors
Hostility towards race and religion (where the offence is not covered by CDA 1998)
Hostility towards sexual orientation and disability

41
Q

What is Sentencing and Punishing Offenders Act 2012 (amending CJA 2003)?

A

Hostility towards transgender identity?

42
Q

What is Public Order Act 1986 ?

A

Incitement to hatred against persons on racial grounds (threatening, abusive or insulting)

43
Q

What is Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006 (amending POA 1986)?

A

Incitement to hatred against persons on religious grounds (threatening only)

Police and Policing (4 decks)

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