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Police and Policing > Block one, cop culture, race and zero tolerance policing > Flashcards

Block one, cop culture, race and zero tolerance policing Flashcards

1
Q

What is police discretion

A

An unwritten rule that officers have the right to be selective in how they do their jobs

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2
Q

What are lower ranked police officers called

A

street level bureaucrats

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3
Q

What is police occupational culture? (1)

A

A set of beliefs, values, working practices and informal rules that are shared between working groups of police officers

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4
Q

What is ‘Canteen culture’

A

values and beliefs expressed in off-duty socialising

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5
Q

What is Cop Culture

A

norms and working rules expressed and implied in the course of doing police work

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6
Q

What is police occupational culture

A

a distinct list / set of commonalities of police outlook/similar patterns of understandings that have been observed in police forces in many parts of the world

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7
Q

Ways to research ‘cop culture’ ?

A

Ethnographic studies

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8
Q

way to ethnogprahically study ‘cop culture’

A

‘Classic’ studies, Participant observation, Non-participant observation by non-police researchers

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9
Q

Non ethnographic ways of studying ‘cop culture’

A

Interview-based studies and Quantative surveys

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10
Q

Key characteristics of ‘cop culture’

A

Sense of mission, suspicion, isolation& solidarity, Cynicism& pessimism, Machismo&prejudice, conservatism

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11
Q

What is sense of mission in cop culture?

A

‘Not just a job but a way of life’ action-orientation and crime-fighting

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12
Q

What is suspicion in cop culture?

A

Suspicion of ‘difference’, particular groups or places,

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13
Q

what is isolation and solidarity in cop culture?

A

‘Us versus them’ mentality

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14
Q

what is cynicism and pessimism in cop culture?

A

Bleak view of human nature

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15
Q

What is Machismo and prejudice in cop culture?

A

Sexism, racism and homophobia

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16
Q

what is Conservatism in cop culture?

A

Law and order, preserving the status quo

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17
Q

How are specific aspects of cop culture shaped by the police function?

A

Through : mission, Isolation, In-group loyalty, suspicion, pessimism, Machismo, prejudice and ‘sick’ or shocking humour.

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18
Q

4 ways police can make discretionary decisions ?

A

Recording crime, stops and searches, collective evidence and making arrests

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19
Q

what are the Factors influencing discretionary decisions?

A

Immediate work environment, force characteristics, officer characteristics

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20
Q

what are the Problems with uncontrolled discretion ?

A

Denail of equal protection under the law, poor police community relations, poor personnel management, poor planning and policy developments

21
Q

The three R’S - who conducted research on police and policing?

A

Random patrol, rapid response, reactive investigations

22
Q

What are the three T’s in researching police and policing ?

A

Targeting, testing, tracking

23
Q

what are three examples of research informing police policy?

A
  1. Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment ( field experiment )
  2. The domestic violence Arrest decision
  3. Risk – led policing and the dash risk took ( mixed methods )
24
Q

What are the 7 principles of the New policing (Rowan and Mayne - first commissioners of the Met police)

A
  1. Bureaucratic organization
  2. Rule of Law
  3. Minimal Force
  4. Non-partisanship
  5. Accountability
  6. Service Role
  7. Prevention
25
Q

What shapes policing ?

A

Wide discretion of front line police officers

26
Q

What are variations in cop culture?

A

Rank, specialism, force

27
Q

What 5 ways can cop culture be changed?

A

Recruitment, Training, individual and organisational accountability, memo level , wider factors : the context of policing

28
Q

How can recruitment of police be improved?

A

Targeted campaigns, recruitment targets, improved selection procedures, direct entry

29
Q

How can training of the police be improved?

A

Increased entry standards, formal training to address problematic attitudes, ‘ethical’ emphasis on training and development

30
Q

what does giving more Individual and organisational accountability to police do?

A
  • Rendering frontline policing ‘more visible’ via technology, more/better supervision
  • More rigorous and consistently enforced disciplinary codes
  • ‘Rule tightening’ to restrict discretion
  • External accountability
31
Q

how does Meso level’ (wider policing policy approaches) reduce negative impacts of the police?

A

Changing the pattern of policing policies
Community-based or ‘problem-solving’ approaches

32
Q

what does it mean to look at wider factors : the context of policing ?

A

Tackling the broader patterns of inequality: social and economic policies outside of the field of policing

33
Q

what are 4 features of ‘Broken windows’ Wilson and Kelling 1982?

A

The effectiveness of foot patrol,Links between disorder and crime,Spirals of decline, Community controls and order-maintenance policing

34
Q

What are features of NYC-style policing ?

A

Charismatic leadership, media management, quality of life policing, devolved accountability and constant, expansion of police number

35
Q

What are the attractions to ‘zero tolerance’ policing?

A

Symbolic, expressive value, policing and crime reduction

36
Q

What are the limitations of Zero tolerance policing?

A

Limited impact, treating symptoms not causes, police brutality and corruption, community relations, labelling

37
Q

What are three dimensions of police-BAME relations ?

A

Ethnic minorities as : police officers, victims , suspects

38
Q

What are features of under-representation of ethnic minority police officers?

A

Under-representation greater in promoted ranks, Higher resignation rate among ethnic minority officers,Long standing concerns about racial discrimination within the service against ethnic minority officers,Disproportionately low rates of applications from BAME communities

39
Q

What are over-policing : ethnic minorities as suspects

A

Stop and search, arrests, deaths in police custody, prosecution decisions, policing the pandemic

40
Q

Police Stop and search results per 1000 population in ethnic minorities?

A

Black people stopped more than 9 x more than white people,
Asian people and Mixed heritage people stopped about 3 x more than white people

41
Q

Arrests per 1000 population - ethnic minorities?

A

Black people arrested 3.5 x more than whites,
Mixed heritage people arrested about 2 x more than whites

42
Q

what are statistics for deaths in police custody (2008/09 and 2018/19)

A

White - 85%
Black - 8%
Asian - 3%
Mixed- 2%

43
Q

What are three distinct explanations of patterns of differential treatment?

A

Police racist and discrimination, differential offending rates, police statistics reflect some degree of ‘reality,wider structural factors (demography, deprivation, areas of residence etc)

44
Q

What are three forms of racial discrimination?

A

Direct discrimination , indirection discrimination and institutional discrimination

45
Q

What are structural and demographic factors of racial discrimination?

A

Age structure, socio-economic factors, Geographical factors, Availability for police attention

46
Q

2 strategies for tracking BAME relationships

A

Recruitment and training

47
Q

Recruitment strategies for tackling BAME relationships

A

Targeted recruitment drives
Increasing workforce representativeness
National targets for forces in relation to BAME recruitment
Professionalisation (e.g. policing degrees) and direct graduate entry schemes

48
Q

What are training improvements for BAME relationships?

A

Cultural awareness, anti-racism training

49
Q

What are problems to transforming BAME relationships?

A

Implementation problems - practical limitations and slow progress. Theory failure - ‘individualises’ the problematic aspects of cop culture to the idea of bad apples

Police and Policing (4 decks)

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