Block E Flashcards
Gram positive bacteria
cytoplasmic membrane, peptidoglycan, periplasmic space
gram negative bacteria
cytoplasmic membrane, peptidoglycan, periplasmic space, outer membrane made of lipopolysaccharide and protein
archaea
cytoplasmic membrane. more chemically and structurally diverse, semi-rigid lattice of pseudomurein, sugars, proteins or glycoproteins. NO PEPTIDOGLYCAN
how are archaea lipids unique
1 – Ether-linked lipids (not ester-linked)
2 – Side-chains are not fatty acids, but branched isoprenes
3 – Different chiral form of glycerol
4 – Some archaea possess lipid monolayers
flagella
Bacterial flagella are helical filaments that rotate providing motility
Archaeal flagella are superficially similar to bacterial flagella, but are different in many ways and considered non-homologous (convergent evolution)
Bacterial flagella are produced by the addition of flagellin subunits at the tip; archaeal flagella grow by the addition to the base
Bacterial flagella are thicker and hollow allowing flagellin sub-units to pass through
No sequence similarity being detected between the genes of the two systems
what groups are archaea split into
Euryarchaeota
Crenarchaeota
Thaumarchaeota
Korarchaeota
Nanoarchaeota
Euryarchaeota
Physiologically diverse group of Archaea, Many inhabit extreme environments, Examples: high temperature, high salt, high acid
key genera of haloarchaea
Halobacterium, Haloferax, Natronobacterium
Extremely Halophilic Archaea
Water balance in extreme halophiles
Halophiles need to maintain osmotic balance
This is usually achieved by accumulation or synthesis of compatible solutes
Halobacterium species instead pump large amounts of K+ into the cell from the environment
Intracellular K+ concentration exceeds extracellular Na+ concentration and positive water balance is maintained
Proteins of halophiles
Are highly acidic
Contain fewer hydrophobic amino acids and lysine residues
Some haloarchaea are capable of light-driven synthesis of ATP
Methanogenic Archaea
Methanogens Key genera: Methanobacterium, Methanocaldococcus, Methanosarcina
Microbes that produce CH4
Found in many diverse environments
Taxonomy based on phenotypic and phylogenetic features
Diversity of methanogens
Demonstrate diversity of cell wall chemistries
Pseudomurein (e.g., Methanobacterium)
Methanochondroitin (e.g., Methanosarcina)
Protein or glycoprotein (e.g., Methanocaldococcus)
S-layers (e.g., Methanospirillum)
Substrates for methanogens
Obligate anaerobes
11 substrates, divided into 3 classes, can be converted to CH4 by pure cultures of methanogens
Other compounds (e.g., glucose) can be converted to methane, but only in cooperative reactions between methanogens and other anaerobic bacteria
Thermoplasmatales
Key genera: Thermoplasma, Picrophilus, Ferroplasma
Taxonomic order within the Euryarchaeota
Thermophilic and/or extremely acidophilic
Thermoplasma and Ferroplasma lack cell walls
Thermoplasma
Chemoorganotrophs
Facultative aerobes via sulfur respiration
Thermophilic
Acidophilic
Found in self-heating coal piles
Ferroplasma
Chemolithotrophic
Acidophilic
Oxidizes Fe2+ to Fe3+, generating acid
Grows in mine tailings containing pyrite (FeS2)
Picrophilus
Extreme acidophiles
Grow optimally at pH 0.7
Model microbe for extreme acid tolerance
Thermococcales and Methanopyrus
Key genera: Thermococcus, Pyrococcus, Methanopyrus
Three phylogenetically related genera of hyperthermophilic Euryarchaeota
Comprise a branch near root of archaeal tree
Distinct order that contains Thermococcus and Pyrococcus
Indigenous to anoxic thermal waters
Highly motile
Crenarchaeota from Terrestrial Volcanic Habitats
Key genera: Sulfolobus, Acidianus, Thermoproteus, Pyrobaculum
Sulfolobales
Sulfolobus
Grows in sulfur-rich acidic hot springs
Aerobic chemolithotrophs that oxidize reduced sulfur or iron
Acidianus
Also lives in acidic sulfur hot springs
Uses elemental sulfur both aerobically and anaerobically
Antigen-non-specific antiviral response
Interferon, cytokines (TNF, IL-1)
Natural killer cells and macrophages
Fever
what are the basic steps in viral disease
acquisition, initiation of infection, incubation period, infection of target tissue
abortive viral infection
doesn’t produce virus and has no effect on fate of cell
transformation viral infection
doesn’t produce virus, develops tumour in cell
cytolytic viral infection
produces virus, kills cell
chronic viral infection
produces virus, senescence cell
latent viral infection
no virus produced, doesn’t effect cell
example of viral cytopathogenesis inhibition of protein synthesis
polioviruses, HHV1, togaviruses, poxviruses
example of viral cytopathogenesis inhibition and degradation of DNA
herpesviruses
example of alteration of viral cytopathogenesis membrane structure
enveloped viruses
example of viral cytopathogenesis glycoprotein insertion
all enveloped viruses
disruption of viral cytopathogenesis cytoskeleton
non-enveloped viruses, HSV
example of viral cytopathogenesis syncytia formation
HHV1, HHV3, paramyxoviruses, HIV-1
example of viral cytopathogenesis permeability
toga viruses, herpes virus
example of viral cytopathogenesis negri bodies
rabies virus
example of viral cytopathogenesis owls eye
HHV5
example of viral cytopathogenesis cowdy type A
varicella-zoster virus, measles virus
example of viral cytopathogenesis intranuclear basophilic
adenoviruses
example of viral cytopathogenesis intranuclear acidophilic
poxviruses
example of viral cytopathogenesis perinuclear cytoplasmic acidophilic
togavirus, herpesvirus
example of viral cytopathogenesis toxicity of virion components
reovirus NSP4 protein
what are disease and viral factors that promote transmission
stability of virion in environment, transfer of virus into transmissible aerosols or secretion, asymptomatic transmission, ineffectiveness of immune response to control reoccurrence
mechanisms of viral transmission in order of virus fragility
aerosols, food+water, fomites, sexual contact, birth, blood transfusion+injection+transplant, zoonoses, genetic (retroviruses)
risk factors of viral transmission
age, health, immune status, occupation, travel, lifestyle, sexual activity, children
modes of control for viral transmission
quarantine, elimination of vector, antiviral agents, immunisation, changed in life-style
