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BM211 microbiology > Block B > Flashcards

Block B Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how much peptidoglycan in gram + cells

A

90%

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2
Q

what shape is coccus

A

spherical or ovoid

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3
Q

what shape is rod

A

cylindrical

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4
Q

what shape is spirillum

A

spiral

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5
Q

mycobacterium

A
  • rod shaped
  • acid fast due to mycolic acid in cell wall
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6
Q

filament actinobacterium

A
  • inhabits soil
  • makes a lot of anti-cancer drugs
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7
Q

major gram positive groups

A

actinobacterium, mycobacterium, firmicutes

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8
Q

Tenericutes : mycoplasms key feature

A

lacks cell walls (cant control its membrane)
- parasites that inhibit animals and plants

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9
Q

key features of lactobacillales

A
  • fermentative bacteria that produces lactic acid (yoghurt)
  • rod shaped and grows in chains
  • resistant to acidic conditions
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10
Q

streptococcus

A
  • coccus shaped, gram-positive
    -bacteria commonly found on the skin or in the throat
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11
Q

Staphylococcus

A

gram-positive
These germs can live on contaminated implanted medical devices and improperly cleaned needles
coccus shape

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12
Q

Anthrax

A

-spores are difficult to kill
-gram-positive
-rod shaped
-It occurs naturally in soil
-People can get sick with anthrax if they come in contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products

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13
Q

Three forms of anthrax

A

cutaneous, gastrointestinal, inhalation

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14
Q

AB toxins

A

toxins with intracellular target that have 2 functionally distinct regions

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15
Q

tenericutes: mycoplasmas

A

Lack cell walls
Some of the smallest organisms capable of autonomous growth
Parasites that inhabit animal and plant hosts
Key components of peptidoglycan are missing

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16
Q

firmicutes- lactobacillales

A

Fermentative bacteria that produce lactic acid
Lactobacillus Rod-shaped and grow in chains
Common in dairy products
Sauerkraut
Resistant to acidic conditions
Grow in pH as low as 4

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17
Q

clostridium

A

Lacks a respiratory chain; anaerobic
produce ATP by substrate level phosphorylation
Metabolism of pair of amino acids
Mainly found in anaerobic pockets in the soil
Also lives in mammalian intestinal tract
Some species are pathogenic; diseases include botulism, tetanus, and gangrene

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18
Q

what are AB toxins

A

toxins with intracellular target that have two functionally distinct regions (A & B):
A has enzymatic activity
B is responsible for host cell binding or entry of A unit to cell
AB Toxins can operate in two ways
-Single polypeptide that is proteolytically cleaved at a later stage
-Separate polypeptides that subsequently assemble

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19
Q

4 gram positive phyla

A

Proteobacteria, actinobacteria, firmicutes, bacteroidetes

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20
Q

Gram stain

A

Add crystal violet, all cells purple, add iodine, all cells still purple, decolourise and gram positive will remain purple and gram negative are colourless, add safranin and gram positive are purple and negative are pink

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21
Q

Gram positive cell wall

A

contain 90% peptidoglycan, so is very thick and not easily penetrated by the alcohol, often have teichoic acids in the cells wall

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22
Q

Corynebacterium

A

diphtheria and glutamicum

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23
Q

Mycobacterium

A

tuberculosis, leprae

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24
Q

Yogurt

A

mixed culture of streptococcus salivarius subspecies thermopiles and lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies bulgaricus

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25
Q

enterococcus

A

UTI, bacteremia, endocarditis, diverticulitis, meningitis

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26
Q

Streptococcus species

A

dental plaque

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27
Q

streptococcus viridans

A

scarlet fever

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28
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes

A

strep throat, necrotising fasciitis

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29
Q

Staphylococcus

A

epidermis usually found on skin, MRSA

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30
Q

Methiailin resistant s.aureus

A

resistant to a wide range of antibiotics (Superbug)

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31
Q

endospore forming

A

Bacillus and Clostridium

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32
Q

Clostridium

A

botulism, tetanus, gangrene

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33
Q

Anthrax

A

cutaneous, gastrointestinal, inhalation, posses both a capsule and S layer

34
Q

AB toxins

A

toxins with intracellular target the have 2 functionally distinct regions, A is enzymatic and B is responsible for host cell binding or entry of A unit

35
Q

O antigen

A

lipopolysaccharide

36
Q

K antigen

A

capsule

37
Q

H antigen

A

flagellen

38
Q

Pillus

A

a hairlike extension that aids in communication and exchange of genetic material in prokaryotes

39
Q

Proteobacteria

A

A diverse clade of gram-negative bacteria that includes five subgroups known as alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon.

40
Q

Alphaproteobacteria orders

A

Rhizobiales, Ricketsiales, Rhodobacterales, rhodospirillales, caulobacterales, sphingomonadales

41
Q

Betaproteobacteria orders

A

Burkholderiales, hydrogenophilales, methylophilales, niesseriales, nitrosomonadales, rhodocyclales

42
Q

Gammaproteobacteria - Enterobacteriales, key genera

A

Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella, Serratia, Shigella

43
Q

mixed acid fermenters

A

Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus

44
Q

Butanediol fermenters

A

Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Serratia

45
Q

Deltaproteobacteria key genera

A

bdellovibrio, myxococcus, desulfovibrio, geobacter, syntrophobacter

46
Q

Epsilonproteobacteria

A

Campylobacter jejuni

47
Q

Biofilms

A

assemblages of bacterial cells adhered to a surface and enclosed in an adhesive matrix excreted by the cells

48
Q

Direct isolation

A

Use selective and/or differential agar to isolate a single colony

49
Q

Enrichment culture

A

a culture medium used for preliminary isolation that favors the growth of a particular microorganism

50
Q

Direct culture

A

a primary culture; a culture grown by inoculating patient specimens directly onto the culture medium.

51
Q

Direct counting

A

counting each individual cell using a heamocytometer

52
Q

Viable cell counts

A

measurement of living, reproducing population

53
Q

Most probable number

A

A statistical method of measuring bacterial growth used when samples contain too few organisms to give reliable measures by the plate count method

54
Q

Oligotrophs

A

microbes that grow continuously but at low levels of activity

55
Q

Copiotrophs

A

microbes that exist primarily in a resting phase with brief periods of activity

56
Q

Viable but non culture bacteria

A

bacteria in a very low metabolically active state and cant grow on standard growth media

57
Q

Zone of inhibition

A

lawn of indicator organism, filter paper disk soaked in test compound

58
Q

minimun inhibitory concentration (MIC)

A

the lowest concentration of a specific antimicrobial medication needed to prevent the visible growth of a given bacterial strain in vitro

59
Q

Bioremediation of organic pollutants - uranium

A

uranium contamination of groundwater has occurred where uranium has been processed or stored, some bacteria can convert U6+ to U4+

60
Q

Bioremediation of organic pollutants-hydrocarbons

A

organic pollutants can eventually be completely degraded to CO2 by microbes, hydrocarbon degrading bacteria attach to oil and decompose

61
Q

What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative membranes

A

Gram positive have a thick peptidoglycan layer and no outer lipid membrane

62
Q

What is lipoteichonic acid?

A

Teichonic acids that are covalently bound to membrane lipids

63
Q

Actinobacteria

A

Gram positive
High G-C content within genome
Largest and most complicated groups of bacteria

64
Q

Mycoplasma

A

Tenericutes - gram positive
Some of the smallest organisms capable of autonomous growth
Lack cell walls

65
Q

Pleomorphic

A

Groups of cells of the same species are very different from each other

66
Q

Lactobacillus

A

Firmicutes
Fermentative bacteria that produces lactic acid from lactose
Used within the food industry extensively

67
Q

Streptococcus

A

Gram positive
Important for the production of buttermilk, silage and other products

68
Q

Staphylococcus

A

Commonly found in humans and animals
S.aureus is associated with many pathological conditions

69
Q

Bacillus, Clostridium and sporosarcina

A

Gram positive bacteria with low GC content

70
Q

What are the three forms of anthrax

A

Cutaneous
Gastrointestinal
Inhalational

71
Q

What is unusual about anthrax toxin

A

It has three toxin subunits
2A unit and 1B unit

72
Q

Extracellular components of gram negative bacteria

A

Capsule
Fimbriae
Flagella
Pilus

73
Q

Fimbrae

A

Extracellular component of gram negative bacteria that allows attachment to surfaces

74
Q

Pilus

A

Extracellular component that allows gram negative bacteria to share genetic info

75
Q

Proteobacteria is sub-divided into 5 classes

A

Alpha
Beta
Delta
Gamma
Epsilon

76
Q

Gammaproteobacteria contains many pathogen organisms such as

A

Escherichia
Salmonella
Shigella
Klebsiella

77
Q

Ecoli morphology

A

Straight rods

78
Q

Pseudomonad aeruginosa

A

Gammaproteobacteria that causes cystic fibrosis

79
Q

Two ways to isolate microbes from the environment

A

Direct isolation
Enrichment culture

80
Q

How is a most probable number calculated

A

Serial dilution is carried out until final tube shows no growth

81
Q

Copiotrophs

A

Microbes that exist primarily in a resting phase with brief periods of activity

82
Q

Why would a bacteria be viable but nonculturable

A

Bacteria is in a state of very low metabolic activity
They do not divide

BM211 microbiology (5 decks)

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