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BM213 Pharmacology > Block D > Flashcards

Block D Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the CNS

A

homeostasis- keeping environment of body constant
perception- sight, taste, smell, hearing
movement & coordination
intellect & emotions

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2
Q

what is the CNS composed of

A

brain and spinal chord

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3
Q

types of neurons in cerebellum

A

basket cell, purkinje cell, pyramidal cell, stellate cell

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4
Q

astrocytes in glial cells

A

connect with neurones and blood vessels

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5
Q

ependymal cells in glial cells

A

line ventricles, spinal canal, CSF circulation

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6
Q

oligodendrocytes in glial cells

A

myelin sheath in CNS

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7
Q

microglia in glial cells

A

phagocytes, scavengers

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8
Q

myelin sheath

A

oligodendrocyte in CNS, Schwann cell in PNS
wraps around axon -> electrical insulation increases speed of action potential conduction

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9
Q

forebrain

A

outer= cerebrum, corpus striatum, hippocampus
inner= thalamus, hypothalamus

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10
Q

midbrain

A

basal ganglia including substantial nigra

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11
Q

hindbrain

A

cerebellum, medulla oblongata, pons, reticular formation

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12
Q

outer forebrain

A

comprises nerve cells (grey matter)

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13
Q

lobes on the outer forebrain

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

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14
Q

corpus striatum

A

part of basal ganglia, coordinated body movements

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15
Q

hippocampus

A

part of limbic system- emotion: pleasure, hostility, anger, instincts
involved in memory

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16
Q

thalamus

A

relay centre
receives sensory input-> cerebrum
relays cerebrum motor output-> other areas

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17
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates autonomic, endocrine systems
essential for hunger, thirst, osmotic balance, body temperature, metabolic rate

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18
Q

substantia nigra

A

in midbrain, part of basal ganglia, coordinated body movements

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19
Q

cerebellum

A

-in hindbrain
-2nd largest structure in whole brain
-fine, coordinated body movements

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20
Q

what is the brainstem made up of

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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21
Q

brainstem

A

-continuous with spinal cord
-ascending & descending nerves to/from forebrain
-visceral reflexes- heart rate, digestion, breathing
damage = death

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22
Q

brain stem reticular formation

A

within brain stem, modulates level of wakefulness/sleep

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23
Q

spinal cord

A

-neuronal cell bodies in centre (butterfly shape)
-surrounded by ascending & descending nerve tract

24
Q

ventral root

A

motor/efferent nerves leaving cord and innervate effectors

25
Q

dorsal root

A

sensory/afferent nerves entering cord

26
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

sensory nerve cell bodies

27
Q

what does cerebrospinal fluid do

A

supplies metabolites, physically protects brain and spinal cord, provides appropriate chemical environment for neuronal function, aids removal of waste to venous system

28
Q

metabolite supply to the brain

A

-CNS-> 2% body weight, but high metabolic rate
-no glycogen stores so relies on blood glucose and oxygen supply to function
-receives 15% blood pumped by heart
-20% total body oxygen usage

29
Q

what does the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) do

A

separates CNS from blood

30
Q

BBB structure

A

tight junctions between endothelial cells
astrocytes-> 2nd barrier

31
Q

what does BBB restrict from blood to CNS

A

-small, non-ionised, lipid-soluble compounds eg O2, CO2, hormones
-substrates for specific transporters eg glucose, essential amino acids, ions

32
Q

what does injury and inflammation lead to

A

BBB brekadown
CNS exposed to harmful substances

33
Q

what does cerebrospinal fluid fill

A

ventricle spaces in brain

34
Q

where does CSF flow

A

from ventricles to surround the brain and spinal cord + small amount into spinal canal, exists via one-way valves to veins

35
Q

what are choroid plexus

A

ependymal cells + capillary bed

36
Q

how much CSF does choroid plexus produce

A

20ml per hour (total adult volume 130-150ml)

37
Q

what do ependymal cells secret

A

sodium ions actively into ventricle followed by chlorine ions passively, which increases osmotic pressure driving water into ventricle

38
Q

types of non-peptide neurotransmitters

A

monoamines- noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, histamine
amino acids- GABA, glutamate, glycine
others- acetylcholine, ATP, nitric oxide

39
Q

what is the criteria for identifying a substance as a neurotransmitter

A

synthesised within neuron, stored in nerve terminal, released by nerve stimulation in calcium-dependent manner, specific mechanisms exist for inactivation, exogenously applied substance mimics endogenous response to neurotransmitter, antagonist inhibits both neurotransmitter & exogenously applied substance

40
Q

noradrenaline as a transmitter

A

distributed from brain stem to cortex, limbic system, cerebellum, brain stem. reward system and mood, state of arousal, blood pressure regulation

41
Q

dopamine as a neurotransmitter

A

distributed from SN to basal ganglia VTA to limbic system & cortical forebrain hypothalamus to pituitary. motor control reward system, mood, motivation prolactin secretion

42
Q

seretonin as a neurotransmitter

A

distributed from brain stem to cortex, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum. sleep, wakefulness, temperature regulation, mood

43
Q

acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter

A

distributed from long&short projections from basal forebrain interneurons in basal ganglia. arousal, learning and motor control

44
Q

glutamate as a neurotransmitter

A

distributed widespread, mainly as interneurons. memory, epilepsy, relay or sensory information

45
Q

GABA as a neurotransmitter

A

distributed widespread, mainly as interneurons. anxiety and epilepsy

46
Q

glycine as a neurotransmitter

A

distributed spinal cord interneurons, modulates NMDA receptors

47
Q

neuropeptides

A

1975: enkephalins are neurotransmitters, 5->30 amino acids long, many functions eg substance P in pain

48
Q

similarities between neuropeptides and classical neurotransmitters

A

stored in vesicles, calcium ion dependent release, effect-> 2nd messengers/ change in ion channel activity

49
Q

slow neurotransmission

A

seconds to minutes, indirect- via G proteins and cytoplasmic 2nd messengers

50
Q

fast neurotransmission

A

10’s of milliseconds, direct- via receptor-operated ion channels

51
Q

sensory systems

A

vision, somatic sensory (touch), gustatory (taste), olfaction (smell), auditory (hearing), movement proprioception (balance)

52
Q

sensory reception

A

stimulus-> sensory receptor-> afferent neuron-> integration center (CNS)-> efferent neuron(s)-> effector organ-> response

53
Q

what does sensory reception do

A

maintains homeostasis, detects and reacts to changes in environment, protects body from damaging stimuli

54
Q

cutaneous receptors

A

touch, pressure, temperature, pain

55
Q

proprioceptors

A

body position

BM213 Pharmacology (4 decks)

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