Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BM213 Pharmacology > Block C > Flashcards

Block C Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two main types of hormone

A

chemically- peptide vs steroid
functionally- short-term vs long-term regulation of function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are peptide hormones

A

two amino acid residue molecules joined by disulphide bridges. rapid onset and offset of action, secret in bursts when requires. short term regulation, secreted when needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

example of steroid hormones

A

cortisol and testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

example of steroid-like hormones

A

thyroxine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what do pituitary glands influence

A

the thyroid which produces steroid-like hormone thyroxine, adrenal cortex- which produces steroid hormone cortisol, gonads- which produce sex hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

thyrotrophin path from pituitary gland

A

thyrotropin -> thyroid -> thyroxine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

corticotrophin path from pituitary gland

A

corticotrophin -> adrenal cortex -> cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

gonadotrophin path from pituitary gland

A

gonadotrophin -> gonads -> sex hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

growth hormone path from pituitary gland

A

growth hormone -> liver -> IGF-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where is insulin produced

A

pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what do growth hormones effect

A

growth, calcium ion and phosphate retention, increased protein synthesis, increased blood glucose, increased circulating free fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

steps in the growth of bones

A

production of cartilage by chondrocytes pf epiphyseal plate
conversion of cartilage to bone at shaft edge of plate
epiphyseal plate becomes converted to bone
then growth stops at this point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what happens when growth hormones go to accelerated lipolysis

A

increased circulating free fatty acids, resulting in reduced tissue glucose uptake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what happens if growth hormone deficiency occurs before epiphyseal closure

A

dwarfism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what happens if there is growth hormone excess

A

if its before growth cessation -> gigantism
if after growth cessation -> acromegaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what do thyroids secrete

A

thyroxine and tridothyronine
which influence activity of almost every body system -> required for synthesis of various key enzymes involved in cellular functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

where is the thyroid located

A

between larynx and trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

action of thyroid hormones

A

influence activity of almost every body system -> required for synthesis of various key enzymes involved in cellular functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are required for synthesis of various key enzymes involved in cellular functions

A

cardiac sarcoplasmic ca2+-ATPase, Na-K ATPase, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, beta-adrenoceptors, enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

consequences of thyroid hormone deficiency

A

marked reduction in metabolic rate of tissues, reduced function of most organ systems

21
Q

what does thyroid deficiency in newborns lead to

A

congenital hypothyroidism (cretinism) -> impaired growth and development, mental retardation

22
Q

adults with congenital hypothyroidism

A

severe mental retardation, dwarfism, impaired sexual development

23
Q

consequences of thyroid hormone excess

A

marked increase in metabolic rate of tissues, increased function of most organ systems

24
Q

structure of testes

A

interstitial cells, seminiferous epithelium, seminiferous tubules

25
Q

function of testes

A

gametogenesis- spermatozoa
endocrine- androgens, oestrogens, inhibin

26
Q

sertoli cells

A

nourish sperm, phagocytosis of defective sperm

27
Q

paracrine function of Sertoli cells

A

growth factors; androgen binding protein

28
Q

endocrine function of Sertoli cells

A

inhibin; oestrogens; MIF (AMF- anti mullerian factor)

29
Q

barrier function of Sertoli cells

A

blood/seminiferous epithelium

30
Q

what are the requirements for spermatogenisis

A

optimal temperature, action of various hormones

31
Q

why are scrotum adapted to lose heat

A

large surface area, abundant sweat glands

32
Q

how do testes develop

A

intra- abdominally

33
Q

what happens if testes don’t descend into the scrotum before birth

A

cryptorchidism which leads to sterility

34
Q

what does the failure of foetal testis lead to

A

no androgen secretion which leads to external genitalia develop along female lines

35
Q

reproductive processes in females

A

early oogenesis occurs in foetus (in contrast to spermatogenesis)
cyclical
- lower animals- oestrous cycle
-human and higher primates- menstrual cycle
halt after menopause

36
Q

what is the length of the menstrual cycle

A

average human cycle is 28.1 days (normal range is 26-35 days)

37
Q

menstrual cycle phases

A

menstrual phase day 1-5
follicular phase day 5-14
ovulation at day 14
luteal phase day 14-28

38
Q

ovarian events

A

follicle development
ovulation
corpus luteum development

39
Q

uterine events

A

endometrium
cervix
motility

40
Q

oogenesis

A

occurs during intrauterine development in the female foetus
at birth there are 2-4 million primary oocytes- arrested in meiosis
by puberty around 400,000

41
Q

what type of oocyte during intra-uterine development

A

oogonium–> 1 degree oocyte (46 chromosomes)

42
Q

what type of oocyte at time of ovulation

A

2 degree oocyte (23 chromosomes)

43
Q

what happens during the menstrual phase

A

spiral arteries constrict then dilate, inner endometrium becomes ischaemic and tissue dies, blood and necrotic tissue shed via vagina

44
Q

changes in cervix

A

thin, watery secretion around time of ovulation allows sperm penetration

45
Q

changes in uterine motility

A

uterine peristaltic contractions occur
-movement in follicular phase is from cervix towards Fallopian tubes
-contractions increase as follicular phase progresses
-contractions increase during menstrual phase

46
Q

hormonal control in follicular phase

A

oestrogen–> endometrial development, cervical mucus, contractions increase

47
Q

hormonal control in luteal phase

A

progesterone–> gland development + secretion, cervical mucus, contractions decrease

48
Q

hormonal control in menstrual phase

A

reduced levels of oestrogen and progesterone–> constriction of spiral arteries, endometrial shedding

BM213 Pharmacology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions