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Geography - B - Coastal Landscapes > Block 9 (Coastal Processes Are A Vital Context For Human Activity) > Flashcards

Block 9 (Coastal Processes Are A Vital Context For Human Activity) Flashcards

1
Q

Of all inhabited continents, which is the only one where more people live in the interior zone than the coastal zone?

A

Africa

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2
Q

By 2025 what percentage of the US population is estimated to live in the coastal zone?

A

75% (despite it only being 17% of the landmass)

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3
Q

What are the positive impacts of the coast on humans?

A
  • Tourism + recreation (Natural beauty + available activities)
  • Settlement (Natural beauty + employment opportunities)
  • Fishing
  • Agriculture (Tidal mudflats can be drained to provide fertile farmland)
  • Trade/port development (Rias provide deep water ports - e.g. Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire, shallowest at 17m)
  • Transportation (Ships - can get far inland in rias - 16km inland at Southampton) (Roads + rails - flat marine terraces - River Clyde Estuary, Scot, A8 + M8 + railways)
  • Energy (Oil + gas + renewables - tidal + wind)
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4
Q

How has tourism changed over the past 200 yrs

A

Tourism has grown into a major economic activity

19th C - Rail - Facilitated growth of British seaside resorts
Recently - Air - Facilitated growth of foreign seaside resorts for wealthy

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5
Q

What are natural features that attract humans to the coast + named examples?

A
  • Scenery (e.g. CASS sequences, Dorset coast)
  • Ecosystems (e.g. coral reefs, Great Barrier Reef)
  • Sunny, hot climates with sandy beaches (e.g. Spanish coast)
  • Safe seas without strong currents (e.g. Maldives)
  • Large waves for surfing (e.g. Gold Coast, Australia)
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6
Q

What are human features that attract people to the coast + named examples?

A
  • Heritage sites (e.g. White Cliffs of Dover)
  • Cultural sites (e.g. West Bay, Dorset - where Broadchurch was filmed, 10 mill views per ep, 77% increase in local customers, 50% businesses attributed this to the show)
  • Activities/service provision (e.g. Dubai)
  • Watersports
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7
Q

What positive effects does tourism bring to the coastal zone?

A
  • Helps local + national economy (2016, England seaside tourism contributed £8 bill)
  • Helps employment rates (largest legal employer - range of skill sets)
  • Positive multiplier effect in local area, as more locals are employed
  • Services + infrastructure are improved to cater for tourists, and become available to locals (Benidorm increased capacity from 69,000 in 1960s to 4 mill today)
  • FDI from TNCs attracted as area becomes more developed + attractive, which boosts employment + development further
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8
Q

What are the negatives of tourism?

A
  • Positive multiplier effect can be limited, by leakage abroad in TNCs + all-inclusive tourism deals
  • Services may be closed out of season, so benefit locals
  • Employment often seasonal + low pay, as locals rarely given skilled jobs
  • Traffic congestion
  • Increased second-home ownership, which ruins community by outpricing locals (e.g. Salcombe is 43% second homes/holiday lets)
  • Environmental decline - footpath erosion (e.g. Lulworth Cove - Durdle Door path has eroded down 30cm), pollution (air + litter), damage to ecosystems (Cancún, Mexico 57ha mangrove cleared for tourist complex in 2016)
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9
Q

What are the negative impacts of the coast on humans?

A

Coastal erosion
- Exacerbated by inappropriate coastal development + management
(Areas surrounding these areas often have worst erosion rates due to promontory effect)

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10
Q

When is erosion naturally worst?

A

During a storm event

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11
Q

What is the average erosion rate in England + how has this been calculated?

A

Average 1.5m/yr eroded

- Calculated we have lost 2 miles since Roman times 2000 yrs ago (including 35 villages)

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12
Q

Why is erosion increasing?

A

Eustatic sea level rise

  • More areas of coasts are vulnerable
  • Waves have higher erosional energy (warmer)
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13
Q

What are the negative social + economic effects of erosion?

A
  • Danger to life (e.g. mass movement)
  • Damage to homes + buildings (BGS est 113,000 residential + 9,000 commercial at risk)
  • Damage to lifeline infrastructure
  • Loss of valuable agricultural land (BGS est 5,000 ha at risk)
  • Falling property prices
  • Psychological stress for residents
  • Loss of tourism + leisure facilities due to destruction of beach
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14
Q

What are the negative environmental effects of erosion?

A
  • Low lying coastal areas at risk of flooding

- Loss of vulnerable ecosystems

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15
Q

What is the promontory effect?

A

Some areas protected - protrude, acting as groynes/headlands

  • Starve downdrift from sediment, by blocking LSD
  • Accelerate erosion either side, by causing wave refraction
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16
Q

What are the 5 coastal management strategies?

A
  • Do nothing
  • Managed retreat/realignment
  • Hold the line
  • Advance the line
  • Limited intervention
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17
Q

What is the do nothing management strategy?

A

Allow natural processes (erosion) to continue

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18
Q

What is the managed retreat/realignment strategy?

A

Allow shoreline to move inland, in a controlled way, to a new line of defence

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19
Q

What is the hold the line management strategy?

A

Use hard + soft engineering to protect present shoreline position

20
Q

What is the advance the line management strategy?

A

Use hard engineering + dune growth to move shoreline seaward

21
Q

What is the limited intervention management strategy?

A

Accommodate the issue of erosion (e.g. building on raised platforms)

22
Q

What are the hard engineering strategies?

A
  • Sea walls
  • Recurved sea walls
  • Rock armour
  • Gabions
  • Groynes
  • Revetments
  • Drainage
  • Offshore bars
  • Rock bund
23
Q

What is a sea wall?

A

HE

Concrete structure at cliff foot to absorb wave energy

24
Q

What is a recurved sea wall?

A

HE

Sea wall with a curve, to encourage wave reflection (CLAPOTIS EFFECT)

25
Q

What is rock armour?

A

HE

Large rocks to absorb wave energy

26
Q

What is a gabion?

A

HE

Cage filled with small rocks to dissipate wave energy

27
Q

What is a groyne?

A

HE

Wooden/stone structure perpendicular to shoreline to reduce LSD

28
Q

What is a revetment?

A

HE

Wooden/sloping structure parallel to shoreline to absorb some wave energy, whilst allowing some sediment flow

29
Q

What is drainage?

A

HE

Removing water in cliffs to remove lubricated slip plane + reduce landslides

30
Q

What is an offshore bar?

A

HE

Rocks placed offshore to absorb wave energy before they reach beach

31
Q

What is rock bund?

A

HE

Row of rocks along beach to absorb wave energy

32
Q

What are the soft engineering methods?

A
  • Beach nourishment
  • Beach reprofiling
  • Beach recycling
  • Coastal fencing/hedging
  • Replanting vegetation
  • Cliff profiling
33
Q

What is the beach nourishment management strategy?

A

SE

Sand/shingle added to beach

34
Q

What is the beach reprofiling management strategy?

A

SE

Shape of beach changed to absorb more energy

35
Q

What is the beach recycling management strategy?

A

SE

Sediment moved along beach to counter LSD

36
Q

What is the coastal fencing/hedging management strategy?

A

SE

Fencing/hedging to reduce sand blowing away + destroying dunes

37
Q

What is the cliff profiling management strategy?

A

SE

Reducing cliff angle to improve stability + reduce mass movements

38
Q

What is the definition for hard engineering?

A

Building artificial structures, which try to control natural processes (erosion)

  • More expensive
  • Shorter term
  • Greater environmental impacts
39
Q

What is the definition for soft engineering

A

Working with nature to try to reduce the extent of natural processes (erosion)

  • Less expensive
  • Longer term
  • More environmentally sustainable
40
Q

What must be drawn up for every sub-cell of coastal areas?

A

Shoreline Management Plan (SMP)

41
Q

What physical factors affect the type of management implemented in an area?

A
  • Geomorphology (resistance of rock)
  • Dynamism (how rock will react to intervention)
  • Quality of environment (if its worthwhile protecting)
42
Q

What human factors affect the type of management implemented in an area?

A
  • Local + national budgets
  • Demographic + their opinion
  • Scientific research considerations
43
Q

What process is used to determine the extent of management that should be implemented in an area?

A

Cost-benefit analysis

Costs must be outweighed by benefits to employ strategy

44
Q

What are the benefits of coastal management?

A
  • Increased security for clifftop population
  • Increased security for beach users
  • Reduced compensation costs
  • Soft engineering methods can be attractive + helpful (e.g. increase biodiversity)
45
Q

What are the negatives of coastal management?

A
  • Expensive (e.g. sea walls = £5000/m, £12,000/m if recurved)
  • Reduced exposure for scientific study
  • Disruption of natural processes (the equilibrium)
  • Disruption of natural habitats
  • Hard engineering methods can be ugly

Geography - B - Coastal Landscapes (10 decks)

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