Block 8 (Rural Management And The Challenges Of Continuity And Change)

Question 1

What are the 4 key issues in rural areas?

Answer 1

• Demographic
• Housing
• Transport provision
• Service provision (including broadband)

Question 2

How is the demographic an issue in rural areas?

Answer 2

• Loss of community (less people born + bred there)
• Ageing, dependent population (young move away for jobs)(mean age in 2001 was 42, in 2011, 45)
• Locals outpriced (second home ownership and counterurbanisation)

Question 3

How is housing an issue in rural areas?

Answer 3

• Locals outpriced in popular areas (second home ownership and counterurbanisation)
• Rural idyll ruined by demand for new housing

Question 4

How is transport provision and issue in rural areas?

Answer 4

• Mobility deprivation for those without cars (public transport reduced - unprofitable)

Question 5

Define mobility deprivation

Answer 5

Deprivation of those without cars, who cannot move around to access services, e.g. healthcare

Question 6

How is service provision an issue in rural areas?

Answer 6

• Services cut to save costs
• Increase in community run services (over 350 community-run shops in UK, growing by approx 22 each year)
• Digital divide (slow or no broadband)

Question 7

Where is the digital divide between?

Answer 7

Urban (more digital access) and rural (less digital access)

Question 8

What are the reasons for the digital divide?

Answer 8

• Urban areas are prioritised, as they have more customers
• Rural areas cannot always afford access, due to rural deprivation
• Rural areas often have older demographic, less technologically able

Question 9

What process does the digital divide cause for those with less digital access?

Answer 9

Digital exclusion

Question 10

What negative impacts does digital exclusion have?

Answer 10

• Unequal access to services (e.g. online banking and shopping)
• Miss work opportunities
• Social exclusion (don’t have primary form of communication - social media)

Question 11

What affect does the digital divide have on the changing demographic?

Answer 11

Puts off youth, increasing the rate of the ageing population, and continuing out-migration in isolated rural communities

Question 12

What rural areas suffer from out-migration?

Answer 12

• Isolated rural areas

- Haven’t been subject to rural rebranding schemes (so have rural deprivation issues)

Question 13

Give an example of a rural areas suffering from out-migration

Answer 13

Outer Hebrides

• 27,000 people living on 65 islands
• 50% population decrease over last 100yrs
• Out-migration triggered by lack of jobs, entertainment, infrastructure
• Population now elderly

Question 14

How can the issue of out-migration in isolated rural areas be tackled?

Answer 14

• Implement rural rebranding schemes
• Train residents digitally (to remove digital divide/exclusion)
• Improve transport links (to prevent isolation that puts off counterurbanisation)

Question 15

What rural areas have in-migration?

Answer 15

Well connected rural areas (digitally + physically)

Question 16

What is another other word that means in-migration to rural areas?

Answer 16

Counterurbanisation

Question 17

Define counterurbanisation

Answer 17

The migration of people into rural areas beyond the rural urban fringe

Question 18

Does counterurbanisation cause urban sprawl?

Answer 18

No - people move into the area beyond the urban fringe

Question 19

What causes counterurbanisation?

Answer 19

• People chasing the rural idyll (green open spaces, good schools, low crime, sense of community)
• Rural area is well connected by transport infrastructure (commuting)
• Rural area is well connected by telecommunications (no digital exclusion, can work from home)

Question 20

What demographic tend to be involved in counterurbanisation?

Answer 20

• Graduates with young families (attractive, can commute)
• Affluent, highly educated (can afford, 1/3 rural residents in high salary jobs)
• Sometimes E.European migrants (to fill labour shortage)

Question 21

What are the impacts of counterurbanisation?

Answer 21

• Service change to fit desires of new demographic (some services saved, e.g. schools, some close, e.g. shops - have mobility)
• Increased house prices
• Increased second-home ownership
• Small, new housing estates built around edge of village, attract more wealthy people
• Incomers may bring employment ops

Question 22

How can counterurbanisation be seen as a positive?

Answer 22

Increased population can help to slow deprivation

• Some services will be saved (e.g. schools)
• New population can afford to complete some gentrification/regeneration of their properties

Question 23

How can counterurbanisation be seen as a negative?

Answer 23

New residents can create a divide between the two demographics

• Loss of community
• Loss of services the new demographic don’t want (e.g. small food shops)
• Second-home owners are only there temporarily (don’t fully support, so deprivation can continue)

Question 24

How can the issues that come from counterurbanisation in rural areas be tackled?

Answer 24

Community Land Trusts (CLTs)

• Charities, focus on maintaining community housing + facilities
• E.g. Angmerging CLT (W.Sussex), under 30s cant afford local housing, plan to buy 8 houses to rent out to locals, plan to reestablish local facilities, e.g. shop

Question 25

How can the issues that come with second-home ownership be tackled?

Answer 25

• Removing council tax subsidy of 10%
• Quotas on second home building
• Offering new properties to locals first