Block 3 (Changes Over Time In The Economic Characteristics Of Places) Flashcards
What does the Clark-Fisher model show?
Change in balance of employment over time
Describe the Clark-Fisher model
- Pre-industrial period is predominantly primary sector (2/3 of which is agriculture), then secondary, then tertiary
- Start of industrial period primary sector declines (mechanisation, cheaper to import) and is replaced by secondary and some tertiary
- End of industrial period secondary begins to decline (global shift moving manufacturing abroad) and tertiary becomes dominant sector (individuals wealthier - expendable income for services, country wealthier - investment in healthcare and education)
- Post-industrial period tertiary dominant, primary+secondary continue to decline and quaternary is born (skilled workforce and money for advanced tech)
Define primary sector. What percentage is it of UK workforce today?
- Extraction of raw materials, e.g. agriculture, mining
- Less than 5%
Define secondary sector. What percentage is it of UK workforce today?
- Manufacturing raw materials into goods, e.g. factory work
- 10%
Define tertiary sector. What percentage is it of UK workforce today?
- Provision of services, e.g. retail
- Around 80% (biggest employer)
Define quaternary sector. What percentage is it of UK workforce today?
- Research and development (knowledge sector), e.g. drug development
- Less than 10% - increasing
Outline pre-industrial period and give example
Primary sector leads the workforce (predominantly agriculture - 2/3)
- E.g. Democratic Republic of Congo
Outline industrial period and give example
Primary sector decreases, replaced by secondary and tertiary sectors
- E.g. China
Outline post-industrial period and give example
Tertiary sector dominates, quaternary sector emerges, secondary sector declines and primary sector employs very few
- E.g. UK
Give 2 pros of the Clark-Fisher model
- Fits most HICs and NEEs
- Flexible time scale (x axis), e.g. S.Korea experienced model faster than UK
Give 2 cons of the Clark-Fisher model
- Doesn’t fit all countries, e.g. Jamaica has large tertiary tourist sector, but has skipped industrialisation
- Ignore imports, e.g. some countries will never manufacture, will have industrial period through importation
Define LIC and give example
- Low income country
- E.g. Chad
Define HIC and give example
- High income country
- E.g. UK
Define NEE and give example
- Newly emerging economy
- E.g. China
What do Kondratiev Waves suggest
Capitalist economies fluctuate between ‘booms’ and depressions in cycles known as Kondratiev Waves
What are the 4 phases in a Kondratiev wave?
1) prosperity
2) recession
3) depression
4) recovery
How long does a Kondratiev wave last?
40-60yrs
What does a location quotient measure
A region’s industrial specialisation and concentration relative to a larger geographical unit (usually a country)
How do you calculate location quotient?
Percentage of area’s total workforce in that industry /
Percentage of country’s total workforce employed in that industry
What does 1 mean in location quotient?
Region and nation are equally specialised in that industry
What does 1.8 mean in location quotient?
Region has higher concentration of that industry than nation
What does location quotient of 0.5 mean?
Region has lower concentration of that industry than the nation
Why is a highly specialised region good?
- Can become good at that product
- Usually export-orientated moneymakers
- Income benefits area via positive multiplier effect
Why is a highly specialised region bad?
- Area very vulnerable if industry declines
- Mass structural unemployment and the de-multiplier effect can cause decline
