Block 3 (Changes Over Time In The Economic Characteristics Of Places)

Question 1

What does the Clark-Fisher model show?

Answer 1

Change in balance of employment over time

Question 2

Describe the Clark-Fisher model

Answer 2

• Pre-industrial period is predominantly primary sector (2/3 of which is agriculture), then secondary, then tertiary
• Start of industrial period primary sector declines (mechanisation, cheaper to import) and is replaced by secondary and some tertiary
• End of industrial period secondary begins to decline (global shift moving manufacturing abroad) and tertiary becomes dominant sector (individuals wealthier - expendable income for services, country wealthier - investment in healthcare and education)
• Post-industrial period tertiary dominant, primary+secondary continue to decline and quaternary is born (skilled workforce and money for advanced tech)

Question 3

Define primary sector. What percentage is it of UK workforce today?

Answer 3

• Extraction of raw materials, e.g. agriculture, mining

- Less than 5%

Question 4

Define secondary sector. What percentage is it of UK workforce today?

Answer 4

• Manufacturing raw materials into goods, e.g. factory work

- 10%

Question 5

Define tertiary sector. What percentage is it of UK workforce today?

Answer 5

• Provision of services, e.g. retail

- Around 80% (biggest employer)

Question 6

Define quaternary sector. What percentage is it of UK workforce today?

Answer 6

• Research and development (knowledge sector), e.g. drug development
• Less than 10% - increasing

Question 7

Outline pre-industrial period and give example

Answer 7

Primary sector leads the workforce (predominantly agriculture - 2/3)
- E.g. Democratic Republic of Congo

Question 8

Outline industrial period and give example

Answer 8

Primary sector decreases, replaced by secondary and tertiary sectors
- E.g. China

Question 9

Outline post-industrial period and give example

Answer 9

Tertiary sector dominates, quaternary sector emerges, secondary sector declines and primary sector employs very few
- E.g. UK

Question 10

Give 2 pros of the Clark-Fisher model

Answer 10

• Fits most HICs and NEEs

- Flexible time scale (x axis), e.g. S.Korea experienced model faster than UK

Question 11

Give 2 cons of the Clark-Fisher model

Answer 11

• Doesn’t fit all countries, e.g. Jamaica has large tertiary tourist sector, but has skipped industrialisation
• Ignore imports, e.g. some countries will never manufacture, will have industrial period through importation

Question 12

Define LIC and give example

Answer 12

• Low income country

- E.g. Chad

Question 13

Define HIC and give example

Answer 13

• High income country

- E.g. UK

Question 14

Define NEE and give example

Answer 14

• Newly emerging economy

- E.g. China

Question 15

What do Kondratiev Waves suggest

Answer 15

Capitalist economies fluctuate between ‘booms’ and depressions in cycles known as Kondratiev Waves

Question 16

What are the 4 phases in a Kondratiev wave?

Answer 16

1) prosperity
2) recession
3) depression
4) recovery

Question 17

How long does a Kondratiev wave last?

Answer 17

40-60yrs

Question 18

What does a location quotient measure

Answer 18

A region’s industrial specialisation and concentration relative to a larger geographical unit (usually a country)

Question 19

How do you calculate location quotient?

Answer 19

Percentage of area’s total workforce in that industry /

Percentage of country’s total workforce employed in that industry

Question 20

What does 1 mean in location quotient?

Answer 20

Region and nation are equally specialised in that industry

Question 21

What does 1.8 mean in location quotient?

Answer 21

Region has higher concentration of that industry than nation

Question 22

What does location quotient of 0.5 mean?

Answer 22

Region has lower concentration of that industry than the nation

Question 23

Why is a highly specialised region good?

Answer 23

• Can become good at that product
• Usually export-orientated moneymakers
• Income benefits area via positive multiplier effect

Question 24

Why is a highly specialised region bad?

Answer 24

• Area very vulnerable if industry declines

- Mass structural unemployment and the de-multiplier effect can cause decline

Question 25

What are the factors influencing economic change?

Answer 25

• Technological change (e.g. automation replaces labour)
• Government strategies (e.g. funding regeneration projects)
• Resource depletion
• Economies of scale (e.g. can’t compete with abroad)
• Globalisation (e.g. better transport links cause offshoring)
• High labour costs (cause offshoring)
• Lifestyle changes (e.g. desire for certain services)

Question 26

Where did the primary industry predominantly occur?

Answer 26

Rural areas

Question 27

Name 2 primary sector employers

Answer 27

Coal mining, agriculture

Question 28

How many people did coal mining employ at its peak?

Answer 28

1.2 mill +

Question 29

How has coal mining declined since 1900s?

Answer 29

1900 - 1 million workers

Today - 6,000 workers

Question 30

When did UK lose its last big coal pit (Kellingley colliery)?

Answer 30

2015

Question 31

What are the reasons for the decline of the coal industry?

Answer 31

• Uncompetitive globally (wages+production cheaper abroad-Russia)
• New energy sources (e.g. moving to green energy - 1956 Clean Air Act)
• Margaret Thatcher shut many pits, then privatised industry (ending gov subsidies)

Question 32

What were the impacts of the decline of the coal industry?

Answer 32

• Mass structural unemployment (50%+ in some areas)
• Loss of areas’ cultural identity (e.g. Welsh miners)
• Decline and deprivation (de-multiplier effect)
• Young move away to search for diff jobs (catalyses decline)

Question 33

How has the proportion of farming declined over time?

Answer 33

• Once 66% (2/3)

- Now 1.5%

Question 34

What percentage of its food does the UK produce?

Answer 34

Less than 60%

Question 35

Why did farming decline in the UK?

Answer 35

• Uncompetitive globally (high wages + production - expensive to stimulate conditions like heat that occur naturally elsewhere)
• Loss of gov subsidies
• Mechanisation (after tech developed in WW2-machines do job quicker + for free)
• Agribusiness development (farms band together, share resources + are more commercial and organised so need less employees)
• Social change (stigma around farming - low income + low intelligence)

Question 36

What were the impacts of farming decline in UK?

Answer 36

• Reduced full time employment (often seasonal - often cheap, taken by migrants)
• Older workforce (average farmer 58, younger attracted to ‘better’ jobs)
• Farm diversification (to keep income - Freestyle 360)
• More emissions (greater food miles)

Question 37

How much CO2 is produced transporting food to and within UK each yr?

Answer 37

19 million tonnes

Question 38

What time period did UK secondary industry boom?

Answer 38

• Industrial Revolution

- 1760-1840 was peak

Question 39

What time period did secondary industry decline in UK?

Answer 39

• Since 1950s

- Fastest decline 1970s and 1980s

Question 40

Define de-industrialisation

Answer 40

Loss of traditional manufacturing industries

Question 41

What is the biggest cause of de-industrialisation?

Answer 41

Comparative advantages abroad (in LICs/NEEs)

• Cheaper labour
• Longer legal working hrs
• Fewer health/safety rules
• Fewer environmental rules

Question 42

What are lesser causes of de-industrialisation?

Answer 42

• Exhaustion of raw materials (prices rise)
• Recessions (companies cut employees, may close)
• Loss of gov subsidies
• Decrease in transport costs (easier to import)(shipping costs fell by 90% in 1900s, after shipping container standardisation in 1940s-50s)
• Increase in energy costs (OPEC doubled cost of oil overnight in 1973)