Block 6 Flashcards
1
Q
the process of growing bacteria or a virus in iterations.
For instance, a virus may be grown in one environment, and then a
portion of that virus population can be removed and put into a new
environment is called?
A
Serial passage
2
Q
VACCINES ARE PRODUCED FROM:
Name 3 sources
A
VACCINES ARE PRODUCED FROM
1. NATURALLY OCCURRING ATTENUATED
VIRUSES,
2. SERIAL PASSAGE IN CULTURED CELLS, HETEROLOGOUS HOSTS OR
3. COLD-ADAPTED MUTANTS AND RE-ASSORTANTS
3
Q
RINDERPEST AND CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER
adapted to be growm how? why?
A
RINDERPEST AND CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER WERE ADAPTED TO BE ABLE TO
GROWN IN RABBITS AND AFTER SERIAL PASSAGE BECOME USED AS
VACCINES.
4
Q
VACCINES PRODUCED FROM INACTIVATED WHOLE VIRIONS, PURIFIED
NATIVE VIRAL PROTEINS are called?
A
NON-REPLICATING VIRUS VACCINES:
5
Q
vaccines produced by serial passage of viruses in hererologous hosts is a ? vaccine?
A
live-attenuated
6
Q
Subunit vaccines produced by Expression of viral proteins in Eukaryotic (yeast mammalian, insect), bacteria or plants
( I think that the slide is saying this is an example of…But I don’t understand the slide so double check)
A
VACCINES PRODUCED BY RECOMBINANT DNA AND RELATED
TECHNOLOGIES.
7
Q
DIVA
stands for what?
A
(DIFFERENTIATING INFECTED
FROM VACCINATED ANIMALS)
8
Q
DIVA (DIFFERENTIATING INFECTED
FROM VACCINATED ANIMALS)
only uses what portion of the pathogen?
A
ONLY USES SUBUNIT (PORTION) OF THE PATHOGEN
9
Q
DIVA
IF AN ANTIBODY TO OTHER SUBUNITS OR ANTIGENS
NOT INCLUDED IN THE VACCINE ARE DETECTED, THEN
THE ANIMAL HAS BEEN INFECTED WITH THE PATHOGEN.
what?
A
(NATURAL INFECTION)
10
Q
DIVA
IF ONLY THE ANTIBODIES TO THE SUBUNIT OF THE
VACCINE ARE DETECTED THEN THE ANIMAL IS NOT
INFECTED.
what?
A
(JUST VACCINATED)
11
Q
PREVENTION AND
CONTROL
what is the difference between isolation and quarantine?
A
**ISOLATION: **SEPARATING AN ANIMAL IF
THEY SHOW CLINICAL SIGNS AND/OR
TEST POSITIVE ON DIAGNOSTIC TEST.
* QUARANTINE: APPLIES TO THOSE WHO
HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO A
CONTAGIOUS DISEASE
12
Q
PREVENTION AND
CONTROL
should you quarantine if THEY AREN’T SHOWING SIGNS
OR THE ANIMALS TEST NEGATIVE ON
DIAGNOSTICS? when?
A
EVEN IF THEY AREN’T SHOWING SIGNS
OR THE ANIMALS TEST NEGATIVE ON
DIAGNOSTICS IF THE DISEASE INVOLVES
CHRONICALLY INFECTED HEALTHY
SHEDDERS.
13
Q
what is QUARANTINE AND CULLING:
A
TO
SEPARATE AND RESTRICT THE MOVEMENT
OF ANIMALS, KILLING THE ANIMAL AND
PROPER DISPOSITION OF THE CULLED
ANIMALS.
14
Q
PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
name 4
A
DECONTAMINATION
STERILIZATION
DISINFECTION
ANTISEPSIS
15
Q
t/f
sterilisation, disinfection and antisepsis are all forms of decontamination?
A
t
16
Q
APPLICATION OF LIQUID ANTIMICROBIAL TO SKIN
OR LIVING TISSUE TO INHIBIT OR DESTROY MICROORGANISMS.
what?
example?
A
ANTISEPSIS
hand sanitizer
17
Q
ELIMINATES ALL MICROORGANISMS, **EXCEPT
BACTERIAL SPORES **ON INANIMATE OBJECTS. (LESS EFFECTIVE
THAN STERILIZATION)
what?
example?
A
DISINFECTION
alcohol, pastuerization
18
Q
PROCESS THAT DESTROYS OR ELIMINATES** ALL
FORMS** OF MICROBIAL LIFE/PATHOGENS, INCLUDING BACTERIA
WITH SPORES.
what?
example?
A
STERILIZATION
autoclave
19
Q
PROCESS MAKING A MEDICAL DEVICE,
INSTRUMENT, OR ENVIRONMENTAL SURFACE SAFE TO HANDLE
what?
exampl?
A
DECONTAMINATION
soap+water
20
Q
STERILIZATION METHODS
what is an example of moist heat?
A
MOIST HEAT: AUTOCLAVE
21
Q
STERILIZATION METHODS
what is an example of dry heat?
A
DRY HEAT: HOT AIR OVEN
22
Q
STERILIZATION METHODS
what is an example of chemical method?
A
CHEMICAL METHODS: GASES LIKE ETHYLENE OXIDE, OZONE.
23
Q
STERILIZATION METHODS
what are the 2 methods of radiation
examples?
A
- RADIATION:
- NON-IONIZING: ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
- IONIZING: GAMMA RAYS, X-RAYS
24
Q
STERILIZATION METHODS
what is STERILE FILTRATION?
A
STERILE FILTRATION: MICROFILTRATION USING MEMBRANE
FILTERS
25
# STERILIZATION METHODS
name 5
moist heat
dry heat
chemical method
radiation x2
sterile filtration
26
LARGE, SOMETIMES ENVELOPED, DNA VIRUSES WITH
COMPLEX STRUCTURES (SYMMETRY)
what are they?
POXVIRUSES
27
POXVIRUSES
describe
how does that differ if they are genus parapoxvirus?
MOST ARE PLEOMORPHIC, USUALLY BRICK SHAPED WITH AN
IRREGULAR SURFACE OR IF OF THE GENUS PARAPOXVIRUS:
OVOID (CRISS-CROSS PATTERN IN AN ORGANIZED PATTERN)
28
POXVIRUSES
THERE ARE TWO INFECTIOUS FORMS: what are they?
INTRACELLULAR MATURE VIRUS (IMV)
EXTRACELLULAR ENVELOPED VIRUS (EEV)
29
POXVIRUSES
what is the difference between
INTRACELLULAR MATURE VIRUS (IMV) and EXTRACELLULAR ENVELOPED VIRUS (EEV)
* INTRACELLULAR MATURE VIRUS (IMV) WHICH **ONLY HAVE AN INNER
MEMBRANE **AND RELEASED VIA CELL DESTRUCTION
* EXTRACELLULAR ENVELOPED VIRUS (EEV) WHICH CONTAIN **TWO
MEMBRANES** (ENVELOPE AND INNER MEMBRANE) –AND RELEASED
VIA BUDDING.
30
what is a virion?
a complete virus particle that consist of an RNA or DNA core with a protein coat sometimes with an external envelope and is th extracellular ineffectibe form of the virus (outside the host cell)
31
POXVIRUSES
HAVE COMPLEX SYMMETRY * VIRION describe
VIRION OUTER LAYER ENCLOSES A DUMBBELL
-SHAPED
CORE AND 2 LATERAL BODIES. THE CORE HAS VIRAL
DNA WITH SEVERAL PROTEINS.
32
POXVIRUSES
how many genes in genome?
how many encoded proteins?
POXVIRUSES HAVE MORE THAN 200 GENES IN THEIR
GENOME AND AS MANY AS 100 ENCODE PROTEINS
THAT CONTAINS VIRIONS.
33
POXVIRUSES
how many genes in genome?
how many encoded proteins?
POXVIRUSES HAVE MORE THAN 200 GENES IN THEIR
GENOME AND AS MANY AS 100 ENCODE PROTEINS
THAT CONTAINS VIRIONS.
34
# POXVIRUSES
where does replication occur? why?
REPLICATION OCCURS PREDOMINANTLY IN THE
**CYTOPLASM** **BECAUSE** ENZYMES HAVE THE ABILITY TO
REPLICATE AND TRANSCRIBE IN THE GENOME.
35
POXVIRUSES
THE GENOME CONSISTS OF A SINGLE MOLECULE OF ?
THE GENOME CONSISTS OF A SINGLE MOLECULE OF
LINEAR DOUBLE STRANDED DNA
36
# STABILITY OF POXVIRUSES
are they stable?
how long do they stay infectious?
why?
what relevance to disinfectants?
THEY ARE **EXTREMELY STABLE** IN THE ENVIRONMENT AND REMAIN INFECTIOUS FOR **SEVERAL
MONTHS** OUTSIDE A HOST BODY **BECAUSE OF THEIR LOW LIPID CONTENT **MAKING THEM
**MORE RESILIENT** TO SOLVENTS/DISINFECTANTS.
37
# STABILITY OF POXVIRUSES
do they have a high resistence to drying?
why is this relevant?
THEY ALSO HAVE A VERY HIGH RESISTANCE TO DRYING AND CAN SURVIVE FOR YEARS IN
DRIED SCABS (WHICH ARE VERY INFECTIOUS) OR OTHER VIRUS-LADEN MATERIAL.
38
which virus has an enveloped form that stable in the environment?
poxvirus, BUT poxvirs not an answer choice, so know what virus are pox viruses
ex. coupox
39
# TRANSMISSION OF
POXVIRUSES
what are the 3 ways? examples?
* SKIN: MUST BE BROKEN SKIN. THIS IS
THE MOST COMMON ROUTE
* RESPIRATORY: INHALATION OF AEROSOL
(SHEEPPOX VIRUS)
* MECHANICALLY: ATHROPOD BITES
(MYXOMA AND AVIPOXCIRUSES)
40
# POXVIRUS PATHOGENESIS/IMMUNITY
t/f
POXVIRUSES ARE NOT HIGHLY EPITHELIOTROPIC
F
POXVIRUSES **ARE** HIGHLY EPITHELIOTROPIC CAUSING
CUTANEOUS LESION!
41
POXVIRUS
PATHOGENESIS/IMMUNITY
ARE THEY ALL HOST SPECIFIC?
THEY ARE HOST SPECIFIC, **EXCEPT** ORTHOPOXVIRUSES
WHICH INFECT A WIDE RANGE OF SPECIES!
42
POXVIRUS
PATHOGENESIS/IMMUNITY
CAN THEY CAUSE SYSTEMIC DISEASES?
IN WHAT?
EXAMPLE?
CAN CAUSE SYSTEMIC DISEASES IN BIRDS AND WILD
ANIMALS (SHEEPPOX AND GOATPOX)
43
POXVIRUS
PATHOGENESIS/IMMUNITY
INVADE THE SKIN AND ACCESS WHAT ?
BY WHAT SYSTEM?
INVADES THE SKIN AND ACCESSES THE SYSTEMIC
CIRCULATION VIA THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM.
44
POXVIRUS
PATHOGENESIS/IMMUNITY
USES SECONDARY VIREMIA TO DO WHAT?
USES SECONDARY VIREMIA TO GET THE VIRUS BACK TO
THE SKIN AND OTHER TARGET ORGANS
45
# ORTHOPOXVIRUS
COW VIRUS-DISTRIBUTION?
DISTRIBUTION: ENDEMIC ONLY TO EUROPE AND ASIA
46
ORTHOPOXVIRUS
HOSTS?
HOSTS: CATTLE, WILD AND DOMESTIC CATS, HUMANS, ZOO ANIMALS, ETC.
47
ORTHOPOXVIRUS
RESERVOIR HOSTS
RESERVOIR HOSTS: RODENTS
48
ORTHOPOXVIRUS
TRANSMISSION:
TRANSMISSION:
* COW TO COW: THROUGH INFECTED MILER’S HANDS OR TEAT CUPS
* INFECTED FARM CATS CAN ALSO TRANSMIT THE DISEASE
* RODENTS SERVE AS THE RESERVOIR AND CAN TRANSMIT THE DISEASE
49
ORTHOPOXVIRUS
CLINICAL SIGNS IN CATTLE:
CLINICAL SIGNS IN CATTLE: PAPULES ON TEATS/UDDERS. SUCKLING CALVES
MAY ALSO DEVELOP LESIONS IN MOUTH
50
# COWPOX IN CATS
* TRANSMISSION:
TRANSMISSION:
* SKIN INOCULATION (TYPICALLY THROUGH A BITE
OR SKIN WOUND) RODENTS ARE A COMMON
SOURCE OF INFECTION.
* ORO-NASAL ROUTE IS ALSO POSSIBLE
* IN CHEETAHS VIRAL PNEUMONIA MAY BE EVIDENT
AS WELL
51
# COWPOX IN CATS
CLINICAL SIGNS
PRIMARY LESIONS:
SECONDARY LESIONS:
**PRIMARY LESIONS:**
* A SINGLE PRIMARY LESION TYPICALLY ON THE
HEAD, NECK OR FORELIMB
* CAN BE A SMALL SCABBED WOUND ALL THE WAY
TO A LARGE ABSCESS
**SECONDARY LESIONS:**
* OCCURS 7-10 DAYS AFTER THE PRIMARY LESION
* ULCERATION AND SCABS
* CAN HEAL IN 6 WEEKS
52
# COWPOX IN CATS
CS ?
TYPICALLY, NO OTHER CS OTHER THAN SKIN
LESIONS
* 20% CAN GET MILD CORYZA/CONJUNCTIVITIS (INFLAMMATION OF MUCOUS MEMBRANES)
53
# COWPOX IN CATS
COMPLICATIONS ?
COMPLICATIONS FROM SECONDARY BACTERIAL
INFECTION
54
COWPOX IN HUMANS
TRANSMISSION?
TRANSMISSION:
* **MAINLY CAUSED BY DIRECT CONTACT TO “CUDDLY” CATS**
* RARELY FROM RODENTS
* HUMANS GET IT MORE FROM CATS THAN COWS!
55
# COWPOX IN HUMANS
CLINICAL SIGNS:
MACROPAPULAR LESIONS ARE SEEN ON THE HANDS AND FACE THEN LATER DEVELOP INTO
VESICULAR AND THEN ULCERATIVE LESIONS
* RESULT IN ENLARGED PAINFUL LOCAL LYMPH NODES
* PATIENTS REPORT FEVER, VOMITING AND SORE THROAT
56
# MONKEYPOX
FOUND WHERE?
NORMALLY SEEN IN AFRICA
57
# MONKEYPOX
IN HUMANS: SYMPTOMS?
IN HUMANS: A VIRAL ZOONOSIS WITH SYMPTOMS IN HUMANS SIMILAR TO
THOSE SEEN IN THE PAST WITH SMALLPOX
58
# MONKEYPOX
TRANSMISSION:
PRIMARY INFECTION?
SECONDARY INFECTION?
**PRIMARY INFECTION:** FROM INFECTED BODY FLUIDS OF AN INFECTED
ANIMAL. HANDLING MONKEYS, GAMBIAN RATS OR SQUIRRELS
* **SECONDARY INFECTION:** HUMAN-HUMAN VIA INFECTED RESPIRATORY
EXCRETIONS, SKIN LESIONS OR CONTAMINATED OBJECT
59
# PARAPOXVIRUSES
**PSEUDOCOWPOX**
EXPLAIN?
(CATTLE, HUMANS)
ZOONOTIC
60
PARAPOXVIRUSES
CONTAGIOUS ECTHYMA/ORF VIRUS
EXPLAIN
CONTAGIOUS ECTHYMA
(DISEASE IN ANIMALS)
ORF VIRUS
(DISEASE IN HUMANS)
SHEEP, GOATS, HUMANS
61
BOCVNE PAPULAR STOMATITIS VIRUS
EXPLAIN
(CATTLE, HUMANS)
-
NOT AS IMPORTANT
62
A VIRAL SKIN DISEASE CAUSES MILD SORES ON
THE TEATS AND UDDERS OF CATTLE.
WHAT IS IT?
PSEUDOCOWPOX
63
PSEUDOCOWPOX
WHAT ABOUT HUMANS?
CAN ALSO INFECT HUMANS! (MILKER’S NODULE) ZOONOTIC
64
PSEUDOCOWPOX
WHERE?
REPORTED FROM MOST COUNTRIES.
65
PSEUDOCOWPOX
TRANSMISSION
TRANSMISSION:
* FROM INFECTED COWS, INFECTED MILKERS HANDS,
INFECTED TEAT CUPS
* BITING INSECTS
* HORIZONTALLY FROM COW TO CALF VIA MILK
* SEMEN OF BULLS-LESS KNOWN
66
PSEUDOCOWPOX
PATHOGENESIS:
PATHOGENESIS: LESIONS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY
HYPERPLASIA OF SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM.
67
PSEUDOCOWPOX
CLINICAL SIGNS:
ACUTE SIGNS?
CHRONIC LESIONS?
* INFECTIONS ARE GENERAL MILD
* ACUTE LESIONS:
* **ERYTHEMA(RED SKIN)→PAPULES(EMPTY RAISED BUMP)→VESICLE(RAISED BUMP W/CLEAR FLUID) OR
PUSTULE(RAISED BUMP W/ PUSS FLUID)→RUPTURE→THICK SCAB**
* A THICK SCAB (0.5-25CM IN DIAMETER ) THAT
BECOMES ELEVATED WITH GRANULATION TISSUE.
* AFTER 7-10 DAYS A **HORSESHOE-SHAPED SCABS**
WILL FORM
* CHRONIC LESIONS
* STARTS AS ERYTHEMA AND LEADS TO YELLOW-
GRAY SCABS, BUT IS PAINLESS, PERSISTS FOR
MONTHS.
68
# PSEUDOCOWPOX
DIAGNOSIS:
* **HORSESHOE-SHAPED RING LIKE LESION.**
PATHOGNOMONIC
* ISOLATION AND DETECTION OF THE VIRUS VIA
VARIOUS DIAGNOSTIC LAB METHODS FROM VESICULAR
FLUID OR FROM TEAT SKIN
69
# PSEUDOCOWPOX
TREATMENT:
* REMOVAL OF SCABS (VERY INFECTIOUS!)
* **BURN THE SCABS**
* APPLY AN EMOLLIENT OINTMENT BEFORE MILKING
* APPLY ASTRINGENT PREPARATION AFTER MILKING
(TIGHTENS THE SKIN AND LIMITS SPREAD)
70
# PSEUDOCOWPOX
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS:
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS:
*** COWPOX VIRUS
* BOVINE HERPESVIRUS ULCERATIVE MAMMILITIS
* VESICULAR STOMATITIS**
* UDDER IMPETIGO
* TEAT CHAPS AND FROSTBITE
* BLACK SPOT
71
# PSEUDOCOWPOX
PREVENTION:
* DISINFECTION (IODOPHOR TEAT DIP)
* ISOLATION AND TREATMENT OF INFECTED
COWS
* REDUCE TEAT TRAUMA
72
# CONTAGIOUS ECTHYMA (ORF)
ETIOLOGY:
ORF VIRUS, GENUS PARAPOXVIRUS
73
# CONTAGIOUS ECTHYMA (ORF)
TRANSMISSION:
* SCABS FALL OFF AND CAN **REMAIN INFECTIOUS
IN THE ENVIRONMENT FOR EXTENDED TIME**
* CONTAMINATED INSTRUMENTS (TAIL
DOCKING/EAR TAGGING)
* INFECTS VIA DAMAGED SKIN
* **ORAL LESIONS ON LAMB CAN TRANSFER TO THE
MOTHERS TEAT AND BACK**
* SPREADS RAPIDLY
74
# CONTAGIOUS ECTHYMA (ORF)
HOST:
HOST: SHEEP AND GOATS-PRIMARILY LAMBS
AND GOAT KIDS
75
# CONTAGIOUS ECTHYMA (ORF)
DISTRIBUTION:
WORLDWIDE
76
# CONTAGIOUS ECTHYMA (ORF)
PATHOGENESIS:
* SKIN: CELLULAR RESPONSE WITH NECROSIS
AND SLOUGHING
* CUTANEOUS: DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY
AND INFLUX INFLAMMATORY CELLS.
* **MACULE→PAPULE→VESICLE→PUSTULE→ULCE
R→SCAB**
77
# CONTAGIOUS
ECTHYMA (ORF)
CLINICAL SIGNS:
* THE FIRST LESION DEVELOPS IN THE **MUCOCUTANEOUS JUNCTION**
AND ARE ACCOMPANIED WITH SWOLLEN LIPS
* LESIONS THEN SPREADS TO THE MUZZLE AND NOSTRILS CAUSING
ANIMALS TO HAVE DIFFICULTY EATING LEADING TO ANOREXIA
AND WEIGHT LOSS.
* LESIONS ON THE TEATS MAY LEAD TO A SECONDARY BACTERIAL
INFECTION RESULTING IN MASTITIS DUE TO THE INVASION OF THE
LESIONS VIA FLY LARVAE.
* SEVERE CASES MAY RESULT IN LESIONS ON THE GENITALS
(LEADING TO INFERTILITY IF ON THE SCROTUM), FEET (LEADING TO LAMENESS), EARS.
78
# CONTAGIOUS ECTHYMA (ORF)
VACCINATION:
DOES IT LAST?
SHOULD ALL ANIMALS GET IT?
WHAT ABOUT INSPECTING THE LAMB?
WHAT ABOUT PREGNANT EWES
* **DOES NOT OFFER LONG-LASTING IMMUNITY.**
AT MOST 1-2 YEARS.
* VACCINES **SHOULD NOT** BE USED ON FARMS
THAT DO NOT HAVE A PROBLEM WITH ORF
* **YOU SHOULD INSPECT THE LAMB 1 WEEK
AFTER VACCINATION FOR LOCAL
REACTIONS**
* IN PROBLEM FLOCKS/HERS, THE LAMBS/KIDS
MAY NEED TO BE VACCINATED AT 6-8 WEEKS.
* **VACCINATE PREGNANT EWES BEFORE
LAMBING**
79
# CONTAGIOUS ECTHYMA (ORF)
IN HUMANS:
* MACRO-POPULAR LESIONS AND LARGE
NODULAR LESIONS IN THE FINGER, THE HAND,
THE ARM, FACE, AND EVEN THE PENIS. VERY
PAINFUL
* SECONDARY BACTERIAL INFECTIONS OF
LESIONS MAY CAUSE COMPLICATIONS
80
# GENUS: CAPRIPOXVIRUS
SHEEPPOX (SPV) AND GOAT
POX (GPV)
DISTRIBUTION
DISTRIBUTION: ENDEMIC IN AFRICA, ASIA AND PARTS
OF EUROPE
81
SHEEPPOX (SPV) AND GOAT
POX (GPV)
HOW MANY VIRUS?
USED TO BE CONSIDERED ONE VIRUS, WITH GENETIC
SEQUENCING IT WAS DETERMINED TO BE TWO
SEPARATE VIRUSES.
82
SHEEPPOX (SPV) AND GOAT
POX (GPV)
CAN THEY BE DISTINGUISHED?
THEY CANNOT BE DISTINGUISHED FROM ONE
ANOTHER WITH SEROLOGICAL TECHNIQUES.
83
SHEEPPOX (SPV) AND GOAT
POX (GPV)
WHAT RELATION TO LSDV?
CLOSELY RELATED TO LSDV BUT THERE IS NO
EVIDENCE LSDV CAUSES DISEASE IN SHEEPS AND
GOATS.
84
# CAPRIPOXVIRUS
LUMPY SKIN DISEASE OF
CATTLE (LSDV)
DISTRIBUTION:
DISTRIBUTION: ENZOOTIC IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
AND MIDDLE EAST WITH RECENT INCURSION IN IRAQ
**not asia**
85
LUMPY SKIN DISEASE OF
CATTLE (LSDV)
TRANSMISSION:
TRANSMISSION: ARTHROPOD VECTOR (MOST
COMMON), DIRECT CONTACT
86
LUMPY SKIN DISEASE OF
CATTLE (LSDV)
HOST:
HOST: CATTLE
87
LUMPY SKIN DISEASE OF
CATTLE (LSDV)
CLINICAL SIGNS:
CLINICAL SIGNS: FEVER, MULTIPLE **NODULAR LESIONS
ON SKIN** AND MUCOUS MEMBRANE,
LYMPHADENOPATHY
88
SHEEPPOX AND GOATPOX
where?
africa, asia europe
89
SHEEPPOX AND GOATPOX
TRANSMISSION:
how contagious?
how acquired?
where found on animal?
relevance of scabs?
* **HIGHLY **CONTAGIOUS
* **ENTERS THE RESPIRATORY TRACT VIS AEROSOL
(MOST COMMON).** CAN ALSO OCCUR IN THE MM
VIA DIRECT CONTENT FROM CONTAMINATED
IATROGENIC MATERIALS AS WELL AS MECHANICAL
TRANSMISSION BY BITING ARTHROPODS.
* VIRUSES IS PRESENT IN NASAL AND ORAL
SECRETIONS FOR SEVERAL WEEKS AFTER INFECTION.
* CAN SURVIVE IN DRY** SCABS FOR MONTHS**
90
SHEEPPOX
PATHOGENESIS:
PATHOGENESIS: * SHEEPPOX IS A **SYSTEMIC DISEASE *** AFTER INCUBATION, **LEUKOCYTE-ASSOCIATED **VIREMIA
INCURS.
* VIRUS WILL LOCALIZE IN THE SKIN AND OTHER
INTERNAL ORGANS. intestines, lungs et.
* RESULTS IN SEVERE **NECROTIZING VASCULITIS** IN THE
ARTERIOLES AND POSTCAPILLARY VENULES OF THE
SKIN,
**reportable
91
# SHEEPPOX
clinical signs
malignant form?
benign form?
CLINICAL SIGNS: * MALIGNANT FORM:
* SEEN IN LAMBS AND HAVE A HIGH MORTALITY RATE
* LESIONS START ON SKIN AND MOVE INTO
LARYNX/PHARYNX/LUNGS. SECONDARY PNEUMONIA IS
COMMON WHILE ABORTION IS RARE
* STAR SHAPED SCAR FORMED FREE OF HAIR OR WOOL
BENIGN FORM * MORE COMMON IN ADULTS * ONLY SKIN LESIONS OCCUR * MORTALITY IS LOW 0
92
# SHEEPPOX
PREVENTION AND CONTROL:
* **NOTIFIABLE DISEASE** IN MOST
COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD
* **VACCINATION:**
* THERE IS A LARGE VARIETY OF
VACCINES AVAILABLE BUT A **LIVE
ATTENUATED VACCINES** OFFER
EXCELLENT PROTECTION FOR MORE
THAN A YEAR.
93
# GOAT POX
found where?
is it reportable?
clinically similar to what?
how does it differ between kids and adults?
Occurs in Africa, Asia and parts of
Europe
A **reportable** disease
Clinically very similar to sheep pox
Young kids suffer systemic disease while
adults exhibit a milder form.
94
# SUIPOXVIRUS
SWINEPOX
distribution?
DISTRIBUTION: WORLDWIDE, WIDESPREAD SPORADIC DISEASE
95
# SUIPOXVIRUS
SWINEPOX
HOST:
what is the difference in older pigs vs. piglets?
HOST: PIGS
* OLDER PIGS-**GENERALLY BENIGN. LOW MORTALITY AND LOW**
MORBIDITY
* CONGENITALLY INFECTED AND VERY YOUNG SUCKLING PIGLETS-HIGH
FATALITY
96
# SWINEPOX
TRANSMISSION:
what 3 ways?
what 3 results?
1-DIRECT CONTACT WITH SKIN INJURY (THE VIRUS SURVIVES IN SCABS
FOR YEARS)
2 MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION VIA PIG LOUSE-HAEMATOPINUS SUIS
(HARBORS THE VIRUS FOR A LONG TIMES), FLIES AND INSECTS.
3**TRANSPLACENTAL INFECTION** OF NEONATAL PIGS-HIGH MORTALITY.
97
# SWINEPOX
CLINICAL SIGNS
* TYPICAL POX LESIONS THAT CAN OCCUR ANYWHERE
BUT USUALLY ON THE ABDOMEN AND INNER THIGH
* GREASY PIG DISEASE AND SECONDARY BACTERIAL
DERMATITIS CAN OCCUR SECONDARILY
* IN SEVERE INFECTIONS, LESIONS MAY OCCUR IN
UPPER RESPIRATORY AND DIGESTIVE TRACTS
98
# SWINEPOX
CONTROL
* ERADICATION OF LICE FROM PIGGERY
* **NO VACCINE AVAILABLE**
99
# GENUS: AVIPOXVIRUS
FOWLPOX
HOST:
HOST: HIGHLY INFECTIOUS DISEASE OF POULTRY AND
TURKEYS
100
# FOWLPOX
DISTRIBUTION:
WORLDWIDE
101
# FOWLPOX
TRANSMISSION:
* SKIN
* MECHANICALLY VIA MOSQUITOES, LICE AND TICKS
* AEROSOL
102
# FOWLPOX
is it resistent?
**EXTREMELY RESISTANT** TO DESICCATION AND CAN SURVIVE IN
SCABS FOR A LONG TIME.
103
# FOWLPOX
THREE FORMS:
* CUTANEOUS (DRY FORM) MOST COMMON
* DIPHTHERITIC (WET FORM) LEAST COMMON BUT MORE
SEVERE
* OCULAR FORM
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# FOWLPOX
INCLUSION BODIES
name 2
1-BOLLINGER BODIES
* EOSINOPHILIC, CYTOPLASMIC
2- BARREL BODIES
* INSIDE OF BOLLINGER BODIES
* SPHERICAL FROM TRYPTIC DIGESTION OF
BOLLINGER BODIES
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# FOWLPOX
which form is this?
* MOST COMMON
* LOW MORTALITY
* SMALL PAPULES ON THE COMB, WATTLES AND BEAK
BUT CAN DEVELOP ON LEGS, FEET AND AROUND THE
CLOACA HAVING NODULES BECOME YELLOWISH AND
PROGRESS TO A HIGHLY INFECTIOUS THICK SCAB.
* SHARP FALL IN EGG PRODUCTION
* IF THE CASE IS UNCOMPLICATED, WILL RECOVER IN 4
WEEKS.
THE CUTANEOUS FORM (THE DRY FORM)
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# FOWLPOX
which form is this?
* DEADLY
* CAUSED BY DROPLET INFECTIONS
* LESIONS ARE FOUND ON THE MUCOUS MEMBRANES OF
MOUTH, PHARYNX, LARYNX AND TRACHEA BUT USUALLY
COALESCE AND RESULT IN NECROTIC PSEUDOMEMBRANE
(BLOCKING THE AIRWAY) LEADING TO DEAD VIA
ASPHYXIATION.
* PROGNOSIS IS QUITE POOR.
DIPHTHERIC
FOWLPOX (WET FORM)
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# FOWLPOX
Which form is this?
* CONJUNCTIVITIS
* CHEESY EXUDATE
ACCUMULATES UNDER THE
EYELID AND BECOMES BLIND
FOWL POX
OCULAR FORM
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FOWLPOX CONTROL
Vaccination:
Modified live
fowlpox
Control mosquito
population and
other biting
insects.
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UNCLASSIFIED POXVIRUSES
ULCERATIVE DERMATOSIS OF
SHEEP
transmission?
clinical forms? hint name 2
* TRANSMISSION: SKIN
* CLINICAL FORMS: LESIONS ARE TYPICALLY ULCERS WITH A
RAW CRATER THAT BLEED EASILY
* TWO FORMS
1 LIP AND LEG ULCERATION
2 VENEREAL FORM-TRANSMITS ULCERATION OF THE PREPUCE
AND PENIS OR THE VULVA
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what is the host for unclassified poxvirul transmitted by coitus?
sheep
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DIAGNOSING
POXVIRUS
7 steps
1. Clinical signs
2. Samplings-from the skin lesions, vesicular fluids (Highly infectious!), crusts
or scabs
3. Electron microscopy
4. Histopathology: Characteristic
intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies
5. Pock Lesions
6. Serological Assays (ELISA)
7. PCR
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DIAGNOSING
POXVIRUS
histopathology
type A?
Type b?
**Type A or ATI Inclusion bodies:** (cowpox and ectromelia virus) strongly eosinophilic
**Type B-**most poxviruses. Slightly eosinophilic and
composed of viral particles and protein aggregates
Bollinger and Borrel bodies in avipoxvirus
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# CIRCOVIRIDAE
what is it?
PORCINE CIRCOVIRUS TYPE 1?
PORCINE CIRCOVIRUS TYPE-2?
* PSITTACINE BEAK AND FEATHER DISEASE VIRUS
* PORCINE CIRCOVIRUS TYPE 1 (NON-PATHOGENIC)
* PORCINE CIRCOVIRUS TYPE-2 (POST-WEANING
MULTISYSTEMIC WASTING SYNDROME [PMWS])
Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome PDNS
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# CIRCOVIRIDAE
what kind of genomes?
what does it look like
how does replication occur?
is it stable?
* SINGULAR SINGLE STRANDED DNA GENOMES
* CHICKEN INFECTIOUS ANEMIA VIRUS HAS
TRUMPET LIKE PROJECTIONS
* REPLICATION OCCURS IN ACTIVELY DIVIDING CELLS
* VERY STABLE IN THE ENVIRONMENT
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POST-WEANING MULTISYSTEMIC WASTING
SYNDROME (PMWS)
what is this called?
porcine coronavirus 2
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POST-WEANING MULTISYSTEMIC WASTING
SYNDROME (PMWS)
CLINICAL SIGNS:
* **SUBCLINICAL INFECTION IS MOST COMMON**
* LETHARGY, PROGRESSIVE WEIGHT LOSS, COUGH,
SLOW GROWTH (FAILURE TO THRIVE)
* CO-INFECTION CAN CAUSE SEVERE DISEASE AND
MORE PRONOUNCED LESIONS.
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POST-WEANING MULTISYSTEMIC WASTING
SYNDROME (PMWS)
DIANOSIS
* SEROLOGICAL ASSAYS-MOST ARE SEROPOSITIVE
SO ANTIGEN DETECTION IS NOT OF MUCH VALUE
* DETECTION OF PCV-2 NUCLEIC ACIDS BY PCR
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POST-WEANING MULTISYSTEMIC WASTING
SYNDROME (PMWS)
VACCINATION:
* CHIMERIC VACCINE USING PCV-1 WITH PCV-2
CAPSID PROTEIN
* INACTIVATED OR BACULOVIRUS-EXPRESSED
VACCINES
* VIRUS-LIKE PARTICLES WITH PCV-2 CAPSID PROTEIN
* **VACCINATE SOW ANTEPARTUM**
** not the same as swine pox
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PORCINE DERMATITIS AND
NEPHROPATHY SYNDROME
(PDNS)
also called
porcine coronavrus 2
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PORCINE DERMATITIS AND
NEPHROPATHY SYNDROME
(PDNS)
associated with?
continual or sporadic?
reported in what age pigs?
findings?
* ASSOCIATED WITH PCV2
* SPORADIC
* REPORTED IN OLDER PIGLETS
* FINDINGS:
* NECROTIZING SKIN LESIONS, VASCULITIS AND
NECROTIZING AND FIBRINOUS
GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
