Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Virology RUSVM > Block 5 > Flashcards

Block 5 Flashcards

1
Q
  • CAPTURE ANTIBODY GRABS THE
    ANTIGEN
  • ENZYME LABELLED ANTIBODY THEN
    ATTACHES TO THE ANTIGEN
  • ANTIBODY-ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY
    SANDWICH

this is called….

A

SANDWICH ELISA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what do you use to diagnose an unknown antigen, food product quality control or for allergy tesing?

A

SANDWICH ELISA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how does a sandwich elisa detect allergies or alergen proteins?

A

The technique is used for allergy testing. The test
will capture antibodies from blood samples
towards specific foods or other typical allergens.
ELISA can also be used to detect allergen proteins
in food products for quality control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

TYPES OF ELISA CONTINUED

A DECREASE IN SIGNAL WHEN COMPARED TO ASSAY
WELLS WITH PURIFIED AG ALONE WHICH INDICATED THE PRESENCE OF AG IN
THE SAMPLE. WEAK SIGNAL EQUALS POSITIVE RESULT

this is called?

A

COMPETITIVE ELISA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

COMPETITIVE ELISA

1* ANTIGEN AND ANTIBODIES ARE INCUBATED TOGETHER SO THEY FORM
A COMPLEX
2* WASH OUT THE UNBOUND ANTIBODY
What is step 3?
4* ADD THE SUBSTRATE
5* THE SECONDARY ANTIBODY BOUND WITH THE PRIMARY ANTIBODY
WILL CHANGE COLOR

A

3* ENZYME TAGGED SECONDARY LABELED ANTIBODY ADDED AND BINDS
TO THE PRIMARY ANTIBODY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

SEROLOGICAL ASSAYS FOR DETECTION

FLUORESCENCE ANTIBODY TEST (FAT)

with an unknown antigen do you use a direct or indirect FAT?

A

direct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

* FLUORESCENCE ANTIBODY TEST (FAT)

IFAT EMPLOYS A SECONDARY
ANTIBODY LABELED WITH A FLUORESCENT
MARKER THAT RECOGNIZES THE PRIMARY
ANTIBODY BOUND TO THE ANTIGEN

is this direct or indirect FAT?

A

INDIRECT FAT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

FLUORESCENCE ANTIBODY TEST (FAT)

with unknown antibody -
direct or indirect FAT?

A

INDIRECT FAT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

FLUORESCENCE ANTIBODY TEST (FAT)

LABELLED ANTIBODIES ARE ADDED
ONTO THE SAMPLE (ANTIGEN) LEADING TO
FLUORESCENCE AT THE BINDING SITE OF SPECIFIC
ANTIBODIES.

is this direct or indirect FAT

A

DIRECT FAT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

FLUORESCENCE ANTIBODY TEST (FAT)

LABELLED ANTIBODIES ARE ADDED
ONTO THE SAMPLE (ANTIGEN) LEADING TO
FLUORESCENCE AT THE BINDING SITE OF SPECIFIC
ANTIBODIES.

is this direct or indirect FAT

A

DIRECT FAT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

* FLUORESCENCE ANTIBODY TEST (FAT)

This one is pretty good:

Direct is a shorter word than indirect—>
Antigen is a shorter word than….

A

antibody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY

can it be both indirect and direct?

A

CAN BE DIRECT OR INDIRECT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY

  • THE ANTIBODY IS TAGGED WITH AN ENZYME, GENERALLY
    ?
    WHICH BINDS TO A TARGET
    ANTIGEN.
A

HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY

THE ENZYME
does what?
THAT CAN BE VISUALIZED IN THE
INFECTED CELLS WITH A STANDARD LIGHT MICROSCOPE.

A

REACTS WITH A SUBSTRATE TO PRODUCE A
COLORED PRODUCT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY

this is an example or indirect or direct?

A

indirect

*just checking to see if you were REALLY looking at the picures…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY

this is an example of indirect or direct?

A

direct

*just checking to see if you were REALLY looking at the picures…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

IMMUNOCHROMATOGRAPHY

(LATERAL FLOW DEVICES)

A FORM OF
?
THAT IS
SIMPLE TO PERFORM, EASY TO CARRY, AND DOES
NOT REQUIRE SPECIALIZED EQUIPMENT. FOR
EXAMPLE: ?

A

** POC (POINT OF CARE) TEST**

A PREGNANCY TEST

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

AGGLUTINATION TESTS

SPECIFIC
?
(EITHER ON THE PATHOGEN OR LATEX BEADS) CREATING
SINGULAR CLUMPS AND FORMING LARGER COMPLEXES
THAT ARE EASILY PRECIPITATED.

A

ANTIBODIES ARE BOUND TO ANTIGENS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

HEMAGGLUTINATION AND

HEMAGGLUTINATION
INHIBITION TEST

THE HEMAGGLUTINATION AND THE INHIBITION
METHOD RELIES ON THE PROPERTY OF SOME …
what to do what?

A

PATHOGENS TO NONSPECIFICALLY AGGLUTINATE
ERYTHROCYTES.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

SEROLOGICAL ASSAYS

this is an example of what test?

A

AGAR GEL

IMMUNODIFFUSION TEST

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

SEROLOGICAL ASSAYS

COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST

  • or + RESULTS WILL LEAD TO LYSIS OF
    RBCS AND WILL HAVE NO ANTIBODIES IN
    THE SERUM OF THE PATIENT.
A

NEGATIVE RESULTS

21
Q

SEROLOGICAL ASSAYS

COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST
- or + RESULTS WILL LEAD TO A RBC
PELLET AT THE BOTTOM AND WILL HAVE
ANTIBODIES IN THE PATIENT’S SERUM.

A

POSITIVE RESULTS

22
Q

NEUTRALIZATION ASSAYS

NEUTRALIZATION OF A VIRUS IS DEFINED AS THE LOSS OF
INFECTIVITY THROUGH REACTION OF THE VIRUS WITH ?

A

SPECIFIC ANTIBODY

Virus + Ab=inactive virus

23
Q

POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)

what is it?

A
  • AMPLIFICATION OF VIRAL GENOME/DNA
24
Q

POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)

  • HOW IT WORKS?
A
  • DENATURATION
  • ANNEALING
  • EXTENSION/ELONGATION
25
Q

POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)

REAL TIME/QUANTITATIVE PCR: ALLOWS for what?

A

ALLOWS
MONITORING AND QUANTIFICATION OF
INCREASING ACCUMULATION OF PCR
PRODUCTS/NUCLEIC ACID LOAD AS
REACTION OCCURS.

26
Q

POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)

is very useful for the study of what in the patient?

A

VERY USEFUL TO STUDY VIRUS LOAD IN THE
PATIENT

27
Q

REFERS TO THE PROCESS BY WHICH THE SEQUENCE OF
BASES IN A DNA MOLECULE IS ELUCIDATED AND READ.

A

GENOME SEQUENCING DNA SEQUENCING

28
Q

GENOME SEQUENCING

WHY IT’S IMPORTANT?

there are 7 reasons

A

WHY IT’S IMPORTANT?
* 1. PATHOGEN DETECTION
* 2. STUDIES ON GENETIC VARIATION, SUCH AS GENOTYPING,
EVOLUTION AND INTERSPECIES TRANSMISSION OF PATHOGENS
* 3. IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL AND UNDISCOVERED STRAINS
* 4. DEVELOPMENT OF DIAGNOSTICS, SUCH AS GENOTYPING PRIMERS
OR PROBES
* 5. IDENTIFICATION OF GENES ASSOCIATED WITH DRUG RESISTANCE
* 6. DEVELOPMENT OF THERAPEUTICS
* 7. JUDGING THE EFFICACY OF CURRENT VACCINES AND FORMULATING
NEW VACCINE STRATEGIES

29
Q

GENOME SEQUENCING

this describes what?
SIGNIFICANTLY CHEAPER, QUICKER, NEEDS
SIGNIFICANTLY LESS DNA, HAS HIGH
THROUGHPUT, AND IS MORE ACCURATE AND
RELIABLE THAN SANGER SEQUENCING.

A

NEXT GENERATION
SEQUENCING

30
Q

METAGENOMICS

THE STUDY OF
?
THE IN A SAMPLE BY ANALYZING THE
SAMPLE’S
?
CONTENT, AND IS A POWERFUL METHOD FOR
RANDOM DETECTION OF EXISTING AND NEW
PATHOGENS.

A

COLLECTIVE SET OF MICROBIAL
POPULATIONS

ENTIRE NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE

31
Q

THE USE OF VIRUS GENOME SEQUENCE DATA TO
STUDY EVOLUTION OF VIRUSES AND GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG VIRUSES.
EXAMPLE: PORCINE ROTAVIRUS IS GENETICALLY CLOSE TO HUMAN ROTAVIRUS.

this is called what?

A

PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS

32
Q

MICROARRAYS:

  • USES SEVERAL THOUSANDS OF KNOWN DNAS (PROBES), AMPLIFIED BY
    PCRS/RT-PCRS ARE SPOTTED ONTO A GLASS OR SILICON CHIP.
  • TARGET/SAMPLE DNA ARE ?
  • POSITIVE REACTION = ?
  • ADVANTAGE: ?
A

FLUORESCENTLY LABELLED AND
HYBRIDIZED/ADDED TO CHIP. WITH THE DNA PROBES

FLUORESCENT SIGNAL WHERE PROBE DNA IS IN CHIP.

SURVEILLANCE STUDIES OF HUNDREDS OF PATHOGENS CAN BE
DONE SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH SINGLE CHIP.

33
Q

The study of ciris evolution using genome sequence data is known as?

a-metagenomics
b-phylogenetics
c-PCP
d-microarray

A

b-phylogenetics

34
Q

TREATMENT OF VIRAL DISEASES

ANTIVIRAL DRUGS: INTERFERE WITH ????
THESE ARE A CLASS OF MEDICATION USED SPECIFICALLY
TO TREAT VIRAL INFECTIONS.

A

VIRAL REPLICATION.

35
Q

TREATMENT OF VIRAL DISEASES

IMMUNE SYSTEM STIMULATION: ??? HAVE
ANTIVIRAL EFFECTS AND MODULATE THE FUNCTIONS OF
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM.

A

INTERFERONS

36
Q

TREATMENT OF VIRAL DISEASES

SYNTHESIZE ????
–>
passive ????

A

ANTIBODIES

immunity

37
Q

Aciclovir is converted by what process? to Aciclovir monophosphate, which is then converted by host cell kinases to ? which is a very potent inhibitor of viral DNA replication and competitively inhibits and inactivates the viral DNA polymerase. The monosphosphate form also incorporates ito the viral DMA, resulting in what?

A

viral thymidine kinase

aciclovir triphosphate (ACV-TP also known as aciclo-GTP

chain termination

38
Q

ACYCLOVIR (HERPES VIRUS)

ADMINISTERED IN THE ?? FORM AND REQUIRES ??
TO CONVERT IT INTO THE FORM WHICH MAY INTERFERE WITH
VIRUS REPLICATION.

A

INACTIVE

VIRAL ENZYMES

ACTIVE

39
Q

ACYCLOVIR (HERPES VIRUS)

IS IT A NON-SYNTHETIC NUCLEOSIDE ANALOG OF DEOCYGUANOSINE?

A

NO

SYNTHETIC

40
Q

ACYCLOVIR (HERPES VIRUS)

IS NON-TOXIC TO THE UNINFECTED HOST CELL BECAUSE ??

A

THEY CANNOT
BE PHOSPHORYLATED AND INCORPORATED INTO THE HOST DNA

41
Q

ACYCLOVIR (HERPES VIRUS)

IT IS USED FOR THE TREATMENT OF WHAT 3 THINGS?

A
  • TREATMENT OF:
  • HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS IN HUMANS
  • FELINE HERPESVIRUS 1 INDUCED CORNEAL ULCERS
  • EQUINE HERPESVIRUS-1 INDUCED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
42
Q

MECHANISM OF ANTIVIRAL EFFECT OF ACYCLOVIR

3 STEPS IN THE FIRST STEP:
Phasphates are cleaved from ? to form acyclovirmonophosphate by the herpes virus DNA polymerase

A

acyclovir-triphosphate

43
Q

MECHANISM OF ANTIVIRAL EFFECT OF ACYCLOVIR

3 STEPS IN THE SECOND STEP:This DNA polymerase then incorporates the acyclovir monophosphate into the
growing DNA strand causing viral DNA chain synthesis to ???

A

stop elongation.

44
Q

MECHANISM OF ANTIVIRAL EFFECT OF ACYCLOVIR

3 STEPS IN THE THIRD STEP: Competitive inhibition of viral DNA polymerase: HOW?

A

The acyclovir triphosphates
compete with dGTPs (Guanine nucleotide) for viral DNA polymerase.

45
Q

??? INHIBITS REPLICATION OF MOST
STRAINS OF INFLUENZA A VIRUSES BY BLOCKING
UNCOATING OF THE VIRUS.

A

AMANTADINE (INFLUENZA A)

46
Q

AMANTADINE (INFLUENZA A)

  • MECHANISM:
  • THE M2 ION CHANNEL IS THE TARGET VIA CLOGGING
    AND PREVENTING PUMPING OF PROTONS INTO
    VIRIONS.
  • THEREFORE , WHAT?
A
  • THEREFORE , THE VIRAL RNA’S REMAIN BOUND TO THE
    M1 AND CANNOT ENTER THE NUCLEUS INHIBITING
    REPLICATION.
47
Q

NUCLEOSIDE ANALOG REVERSE

TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS (NRTIS)

***THINK AIDS WITH AZT

ZIDOVUDINE OR AZIDOTHYMIDINE (ZVD/AZT):

RESEMBLE THE DEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDE THAT CONTAINS ???

INSERTION OF MONOPHOSPHATE INTO CDNA DOES WHAT?

AZT IS SHOWN TO REDUCE CLINICAL SIGNS OF ???

A

THYMINE

BLOCKS
GROWTH/TRANSCRIPTION

FIV-
POSITIVE CATS WHEN GIVEN 10MG/KG BID, SQ FOR 3

WEEKS.

48
Q

IMPORTANT

THINGS TO
REMEMBER

??? ARE REQUIRED TO CLEAVE THE HIV
POLYPROTEINS INTO FUNCTIONAL PROTEINS.

A

PROTEASES AKA PEPTIDASE, ENZYME THAT CATALYZES (SPEEDS UP) THE BREAKDOWN OF PROTEINS

49
Q

IMPORTANT

THINGS TO
REMEMBER

PROTEASE INHIBITORS EXIST AND CAN DO WHAT RE: hiv?

A

PREVENT hiv FROM CLEAVING AND MATURING AND NON-INFECTIOUS VIRUSES PRODUCE.

Virology RUSVM (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions