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Virology RUSVM > Block 4 Part 2 > Flashcards

Block 4 Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF VIRUSES-what is it?

A

THE STUDY OF THE DETERMINANTS, FREQUENCY, DYNAMICS, AND DISTRIBUTION OF VIRAL
DISEASES IN POPULATIONS.

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2
Q

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF VIRUSES-why do we study it?

A
  • TO CHARACTERIZE THE VIRUS, UNDERSTAND THE HOST AND HOST POPULATION, AS
    WELL AS THE BEHAVIOR, ENVIRONMENT, AND ECOLOGICAL FACTORS OF VIRUS
    TRANSMISSION.
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3
Q

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF VIRUSES: what is the role of epidemiology?

A
  • ID AND CLARIFY THE ROLE OF THE VIRUS IN DISEASES
  • UNDERSTAND INTERACTION WITH ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS OF THE DISEASE
  • MODE OF TRANSMISSION
  • THE IMPACT ON HEALTH, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
  • ROLE OF INFECTIOUS PATHOGENS (ESPECIALLY CANCER)
  • LARGE SCALE ACCINE AND DRUGS
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4
Q

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF VIRUSES

HOW DOES THIS HELP?

A
  • ADVANCES OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE NATURE OF
    DISEASES
  • ALERT AND DIRECT DISEASE TREATMENT, CONTROL AND
    PREVENTION ACTIVITIES
  • PROVIDE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS AND TRACKING THE
    DISEASE
  • ASSESS THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACT OF THE
    DISEASE
  • ASSESS THE EFFICACY AND COST OF DISEASE CONTROL
    AND PREVENTION
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5
Q

OUTCOME OF DISEASE IN POPULATION

PERCENTAGE OF DEATHS
AMONG CLINICALLY ILL is called?

A
  • CASE FATALITY RATE:
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6
Q

OUTCOME OF DISEASE IN POPULATION

PERCENTAGE ANIMALS IN A
POPULATION THAT DIE FROM A PARTICULAR
DISEASE OVER SPECIFIC PERIOD OF TIME is called?

A

MORTALITY RATE

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7
Q

OUTCOME OF DISEASE IN POPULATION

PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION
THAT DEVELOP CLINICAL SIGNS TO A VIRUS OVER
A DEFINED PERIOD OF TIME is called?

A

MORBIDITY RATE:

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8
Q

DURATION AND/OR FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE

THE NUMBER OF NEW CASES THAT OCCUR IN A POPULATION OVER A SPECIFIED
PERIOD OF TIME is called?

A

INCIDENCE

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9
Q

DURATION AND/OR FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE

THE NUMBER OF OCCURRENCES OF DISEASE (BOTH NEW AND OLD), INFECTION,
OR RELATED ATTRIBUTES (ANTIBODIES) is called?

A

PREVALENCE

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10
Q

VIRAL OUTBREAKS

SINGLE/SCATTERED INSTANCES
À RANDOM is called?

A

SPORADIC

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11
Q

VIRAL OUTBREAKS

constant presence in specific area/population is called?

A

enzootic

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12
Q

VIRAL OUTBREAKS

more than expected/peak of disease is called

A

epizootic

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13
Q

VIRAL OUTBREAKS

occurs over several continents or countries is called

A

panzootic

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14
Q

VIRAL OUTBREAKS

no clinical sign, but shed virus is called

A

asymptomatic carrier

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15
Q

VIRAL OUTBREAKS

what are the 3 types of asymptomatic carriers?

A

1-incubatory (acute)
2-convaleschent (chronic)
3-inapparent

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16
Q

VIRAL OUTBREAKS

animals that shed virus during the incubation period of a disease are called?

A

incubatory (acute) asymptomatic carriers

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17
Q

VIRAL OUTBREAKS

Animals that shed virus during recovery from a disease are called?

A

convalescent (chronic) asymptomatic carriers

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18
Q

VIRAL OUTBREAKS

carrier state that may exist in an animal with an infedtion that is anapparent throughout it’s course (the worst) is called?

A

inapparent asymptomatic
carriers

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19
Q

VIRAL OUTBREAKS

spread by direct or indirect contact

A

contagious disease

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20
Q

VIRAL OUTBREAKS

unknown in a particular country or area (rabies in st kitts)

A

exotic disease

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21
Q

VIRAL OUTBREAKS

the use of serological data as the basis of investigation

A

sero-epidemiology

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22
Q

VIRAL OUTBREAKS

The use of molecular biological data as the basis of investigation

A

molecular epidemiology

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23
Q

rabies has never been reported before in st kitts. suddenly a few cases of canine rabies are reported from st kitts, especially among dogs that accompany incoming rossies. in this context, rabies would ba a ____ disease in st kitts?

A

exotic

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24
Q

HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION OF VIRUSES

what is direct contact transmission?
indirect contact transmission?

A
  • DIRECT: BITES/DROPLETS
  • INDIRECT: FOMITE/AIR-BORNE
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25
Q

HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION OF VIRUSES

what is: MECHANICAL (PASSIVE TRANSPORT)/BIOLOGICAL (LIFE CYCLE/MULTIPLICATION)

A

Vector

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26
Q

HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION OF VIRUSES

what is: CLASS OF VIRUSES TRANSMITTED TO HUMANS BY ARTHROPOD

A

ARBOVIRUS

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27
Q

HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION OF VIRUSES

what is: medical/surgical practice. Can get as a side iffect to drugs, tx, etc. (contaminated drug/instraments)

A

Iatrogenic

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28
Q

HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION OF VIRUSES

what is a common vehicle for transmission?

A

FECAL CONTAMINATION OF FOOD/WATER

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29
Q

HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION OF VIRUSES

what is NOSOCOMIAL

A

WHILE IN A VETERINARY HOSPITAL

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30
Q

HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION OF VIRUSES

I horizontal transmission the most common route of virus transmittal?

A

yes

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31
Q

HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION OF VIRUSES

What is: passive transport of the infectious agent on the feet or other body part of the arthropod vector?

A

mechanical transmission

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32
Q

HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION OF VIRUSES

what is an infectious agent that undergoes either a necessary part of it’s life cycle or multiplication in the vector before transmission to susuceptible host?

A

Biological transmission

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33
Q

HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION OF VIRUSES

what is: virus transmitted from the mother tick through infected eggs to next generation of ticks?

A

transovarian transmission

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34
Q

HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION OF VIRUSES

what is: virus transmitted from larva or numph to next stage of development (nymph or adult). but not transmitted vertically (from mother tick to eggs and next generation) ex. tick-borne flaviviruses?

A

trans-stadial transmission

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35
Q

TRANSMISSION

OF
ARBOVIRUSES

what is arbovirus?

A

class of viruses transmitted to humans by arthropods
(mosquitos/ticks)

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36
Q

TRANSMISSION

OF
ARBOVIRUSES

what is sllvatic or jungle
-between wild animals/birds and primary vector?

A

enzootic cycle

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37
Q

TRANSMISSION

OF
ARBOVIRUSES

what is: rural
-between non-wild/domestic and primary or accessory insect vector?

A

Epizootic cycle

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38
Q

TRANSMISSION

OF
ARBOVIRUSES

what is : between humand and insect vector?

A

urban cycle

39
Q

TRANSMISSION

OF
ARBOVIRUSES

Level of virus high enough to infect the vector feeding off it.

A

Amplifying Host

40
Q

TRANSMISSION

OF
ARBOVIRUSES

Infectious agent cannot be transmitted and don’t
develop sufficient viremia.

A

Dead- End Host/ Incidental

41
Q

what is:INFECTION THAT IS TRANSFERRED FROM DAM TO EMBRYO OR
FETUS OR NEWBORN BEFORE, DURING OR SHORTLY AFTER
PARTURITION (COLOSTRUM, MILK, FECAL CONTAMINATION OF TEATS)

A

VERTICAL
TRANSMISSION
OF VIRUSES

42
Q

The physical stability of a virus affects its what?

A

survival in the environment

Example: viruses that are transmitted by the respiratory route hace a low invironmental stability, whereas those transmitted by the fecal-oral route hace a higher stability.

43
Q

what is: FORM OF IMMUNITY THAT OCCURS WHEN THE
VACCINATION OF A SIGNIFICANT LARGE PORTION
OF A POPULATION/HERD PROVIDES PROTECTION
FOR INDIVIDUALS WHO HAVE NOT DEVELOPED
IMMUNITY. (LARGE POPULATION WILL PROTECT THE
FEW WHO HAVE NO IMMUNITY)

A

HERD IMMUNITY

44
Q

course of a typical infectious disease

what are the 5 stages?

A

INCUBATION PERIOD
PRODROMAL PERIOD
ACUTE
DECLINE
CONVALESCENT PERIOD

45
Q

course of a typical infectious disease

FIRST SIGNS/ FEELING OF ILLNESS AFTER INCUBATION PERIOD AND
BEFORE CHARACTERISTIC SYMPTOMS OF DISEASE

which stage?

A

PRODROMAL PERIOD

46
Q

course of a typical infectious disease

BODY RETURNS TO PRE-DISEASED STATE AND HEALTH IS RESTORED
which stage?

A
  • CONVALESCENT PERIOD
47
Q

course of a typical infectious disease

CS SUBSIDE
which stage?

A

decline

48
Q

course of a typical infectious disease

INFECTION TO ONSET OF CLINICAL SIGNS
which stage?

A

INCUBATION PERIOD

49
Q

course of a typical infectious disease

SEVERE CS AND HEIGHT OF INFECTION
which stage?

A

Acute

50
Q

CLASSIFICATIONS OF RISK

GROUPS

MODERATE INDIVIDUAL , LOW COMMUNITY
RISK
example of what group?

A

GROUP 2

51
Q

CLASSIFICATIONS OF RISK

GROUPS

HIGH INDIVIDUALITY RISK, LOW COMMUNITY
RISK
example of what group?

A

GROUP 3

52
Q

CLASSIFICATIONS OF RISK

GROUPS

HIGH INDIVIDUAL RISK AND HIGH COMMUNITY
RISK
example of what group?

A

GROUP 4

53
Q

CLASSIFICATIONS OF RISK

GROUPS

LOW TO NO INDIVIDUAL OR COMMUNITY RISK
example of what group?

A

GROUP 1

54
Q

TERMINOLOGY

MAXIMUM CONTAINMENT LABORATORY, THAT HANDLES
DANGEROUS AND EXOTIC PATHOGENS. RISK GROUP 4 (EBOLA)

A

BSL-4

55
Q

TERMINOLOGY

BIOLOGICAL SUBSTANCE THAT POSES A THREAT TO HEALTH

A

BIOHAZARD

56
Q

TERMINOLOGY

CONTAINMENT PRINCIPLES, TECHNOLOGIES, AND PRACTICE
IMPLEMENTED TO PREVENT UNINTENTIONAL EXPOSURE OR RELEASE.

**Public health

A

BIOSAFETY

57
Q

TERMINOLOGY

VERY SMALL DROPLETS OF FLUID THAT SPREAD VIA AIR. VIRUSES
CAN SPREAD IN THE LAB THIS WAY!

A

AEROSOL

58
Q

TERMINOLOGY

PROTECTION, ACCOUNTABILITY, AND CONTROL OF
BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS, TO PREVENT UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS, LOSS, THEFT,
ETC.

**More personal health

A

BIOSECURITY

59
Q

TIMING OF SAMPLE COLLECTION IS IMPORTANT!

COLLECTED ASAP AFTER ONSET OF
SYMPTOMS, THIS IS WHEN THE MAXIMUM TITER OF THE VIRUS IS
PRESENT. VIRAL RECOVERY IS BEST DURING THE FIRST THREE DAYS
AND GREATLY REDUCED AFTER FIVE DAYS WITH MANY VIRUSES.

why?

A

FOR VIRUS ISOLATION

60
Q

TIMING OF SAMPLE COLLECTION IS IMPORTANT!

TWO BLOOD SPECIMENS ARE GENERALLY
COLLECTED, ONE DURING THE **ACUTE PHASE OF ILLNESS **AND THE
SECOND DURING THE CONVALESCENCE PERIOD (TYPICALLY 10-14
DAYS APART).

why?

A

FOR SEROLOGICAL TESTS

*antibody

61
Q

TIMING OF SAMPLE COLLECTION IS IMPORTANT!

COLLECT ASAP DURING THE EARLY
PART OF THE ILLNESS
why?

A

FOR MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS
*antigen

62
Q

TIMING OF SAMPLE COLLECTION IS IMPORTANT!

SWABS IN STERILE VIALS

why?

A

VIRAL TRANSPORT MEDIUM (VTM):

63
Q

TIMING OF SAMPLE COLLECTION IS IMPORTANT!

IN ORDER TO PREVENT SPILLAGE, do what?

A

FOLLOW THE BASIC TRIPLE
PACKAGING SYSTEM

64
Q

TIMING OF SAMPLE COLLECTION IS IMPORTANT!

IN ORDER TO PREVENT SPILLAGE, do what?

A

FOLLOW THE BASIC TRIPLE
PACKAGING SYSTEM

65
Q

! What would be a good time frame to collect samples
for virus isolation:

A. Within 3 days of appearance of clinical signs

B. Within 7 days of appearance of clinical signs

C. Within 14 days of appearance of clinical signs

D. Within a month of appearance of clinical signs

A

A. Within 3 days of appearance of clinical signs

66
Q

DIAGNOSIS AND DETECTION

CLINICAL SIGNS, NECROPSY,
HISTOPATHOLOGY

A
  • DIAGNOSIS
67
Q

DIAGNOSIS AND DETECTION

CELL TISSUE CULTURE/ISOLATION,
INOCULATION OF EGGS, AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

A
  • DETECTION
68
Q

DIAGNOSIS AND DETECTION

USED FOR VIRUSES THAT
CANNOT BE GROWN IN-VITRO

A
  • ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
69
Q

DIAGNOSIS AND DETECTION

THE METHOD IN TEM IS BASED ON
TRANSMITTED ELECTRONS AND SEEKS TO SEE
INSIDE OR BEYOND THE SURFACE
* PRODUCES IMAGES THAT ARE HIGHER
MAGNIFICATION AND GREATER RESOLUTION

A

ELECTRON MICROSCOPY: USED FOR VIRUSES THAT
CANNOT BE GROWN IN-VITRO
* TEM

70
Q

DIAGNOSIS AND DETECTION

THE METHOD IS BASED ON SCATTERED
ELECTRONS AND FOCUSES ON THE SAMPLE’S
SURFACE AND ITS COMPOSITION
* PRODUCES 3-D IMAGES

A

ELECTRON MICROSCOPY: USED FOR VIRUSES THAT
CANNOT BE GROWN IN-VITRO
* SEM

71
Q

DIAGNOSIS AND DETECTION

below is an example of what?

A

Negative-stain electronic microscopy

72
Q

SEROLOGICAL ASSAYS TERMINOLOGY (antibody)

THE MOST ACCURATE AND BEST
AVAILABLE

A

GOLD STANDARD TEST

73
Q

SEROLOGICAL ASSAYS TERMINOLOGY (antibody)

THE PROBABILITY THAT CASES WITH THE
INFECTION WILL HAVE A POSITIVE RESULT

A

SENSITIVITY

(sensitive=positive)

74
Q

SEROLOGICAL ASSAYS TERMINOLOGY (antibody)

THE PROBABILITY THAT CASES WITHOUT THE
INFECTION WILL HAVE A NEGATIVE RESULT

A
  • SPECIFICITY
75
Q

COLLECTION OF SAMPLES

RED TOP: COLLECTS ?

A

SERUM

76
Q

COLLECTION OF SAMPLES

PURPLE TOP/EDTA: COLLECTS ?

A

PLASMA

77
Q

ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA) (serological and molecular)

“direct” molecular is a…

A

TYPICAL ELISA

78
Q

ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA) (serological and molecular)

this is :

A

ANTIGEN COATED IN A WELL

79
Q

ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA) (serological and molecular)

this is:

A

ADD ANTIBODY TAGGED WITH AN ENZYME

80
Q

ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA) (serological and molecular)

this is:

A

ANTIGEN BINDS TO ENZYME-TAGGED ANTIBODY

81
Q

ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA) (serological and molecular)

this is:

A

WASH THE EXCESS UNBOUND ANTIBODIES

82
Q

ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA) (serological and molecular)

This is:

A

ADD SUBSTRATE

83
Q

ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA) (serological and molecular)

this is

A

ENZYME WILL CHANGE SUBSTRATE COLOR (POSITIVE REACTION)

84
Q

ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA) (serological and molecular)

this is:

A

LAYMEN TERMS: ADD AN ENZYME TAGGED ANTIBODY TO THE
ANTIGEN, ADD THE SUBSTRATE, THE ENZYME WILL CHANGE COLOR

85
Q

TYPES OF ELISA

ANTIGENS ARE IMMOBILIZED AND PRIMARY ENZYME-CONJUGATED ANTIBODIES
ARE USED

A

DIRECT ELISA
*diagnosis unknown antigen

refer back to my cool analysis of balls, soccer players and the sunlol

86
Q

TYPES OF ELISA

PRIMARY ANTIBODIES NOT LABELLED, BUT DETECTS SECONDARY ENZYME-
CONJUGATED ANTIBODIES THAT RECOGNIZE PRIMARY ANTIBODIES

A

Indirect ELISA
*diagnosis unknown antibody

87
Q

TYPES OF ELISA

ANTIGEN MEASURED BOUND BETWEEN A LAYER OF CAPTURE ANTIBODIES
AND A LAYER OF DETECTION ANTIBODIES, THE ANTIBODIES THEN CHOOSE WISELY TO
PREVENT CROSS-REACTIVITY OR COMPETITION OF BINDING SITES.

A

sandwich ELISA
*diagnosis unknown antigen

88
Q

DIRECT VS INDIRECT ELISA

ANTIBODY BINDS TO THE
ANTIGEN
*diagnosis unknown antigen

A

DIRECT

Direct is shorter word than indirect
Antigenis shorter word than antibody

89
Q

DIRECT VS INDIRECT ELISA

2 ANTIBODIES NEEDED
* PRIMARY IS NOT LABELLED
* SECONDARY ANTIBODY IS
LABELED AND RECOGNIZED THE
PRIMARY
*diagnosis unknown antibody

A

INDIRECT

Direct is shorter word than indirect
Antigenis shorter word than antibody

90
Q

DIRECT VS INDIRECT ELISA

is used for detecting
antibodies in a sample in order to
quantify immune responses.

A

Indirect ELISA

Direct is shorter word than indirect
Antigenis shorter word than antibody

91
Q

DIRECT VS INDIRECT ELISA

is a
plate-based immunosorbent assay intended for the
detection and quantification of a specific analyte (e.g.
antigens, antibodies, proteins, hormones, peptides, etc.)
from within a complex biological sample.

A

A direct ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)

Direct is shorter word than indirect
Antigenis shorter word than antibody

92
Q
  • CAPTURE ANTIBODY GRABS THE
    ANTIGEN
  • ENZYME LABELLED ANTIBODY THEN
    ATTACHES TO THE ANTIGEN
  • ANTIBODY-ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY
    SANDWICH
A

SANDWICH ELISA
*I am allergic to sandwiches w tree nuts
onthem

93
Q

The technique is used for allergy testing. The test
will capture antibodies from blood samples
towards specific foods or other typical allergens.
ELISA can also be used to detect allergen proteins
in food products for quality control

A

SANDWICH ELISA

94
Q

this is what?

A

SANDWICH ELISA
*diagnosis unknown antigen
*antibody antigen antibody
*enzyme labelled

Virology RUSVM (7 decks)

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