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Group Dynamics > Block 4 > Flashcards

Block 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Individual decision making pros and cons

A

Individual decision making pros:
Typically faster than group decision making
Best individual in a group usually outperforms the group
Accountability is easier to determine

Cons:
Fewer ideas
Identifying the best individual can be challenging
Possible to put off making decisions if let alone to do it

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2
Q

Transactive memory

A

Transactive memory is a shared system for encoding storing and retrieving information

It acquires knowledge about others knowledge
Each person stores relative knowledge for their specified domains
Identify the person with the necessary knowledge and receive the knowledge from them

Common in couples families and work groups

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3
Q

How do we know who’s what

A

Social categorisation (sex age) gives an idea of a strangers memory system

Negotiated entries in the directory
Perceptions of the relative expertise and partners in different knowledge domains

Knowledge of the persons access to information

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4
Q

Why do we only talk about things everybody already knows

A

Information - sampling process:
Shared info is more likely to enter conversations
Mutual enhancement process - my info is shared by others; I’m perceived as a good contributor
I feel good when others agree with me
Shared info is valid

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5
Q

How do u fix this?

A

Make unshared info - salient
Don’t rush
Extensive discussions
Individual assignments

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6
Q

Easy group polarisation example

A

People invent 10,20,30 you’re more likely to invest 40 due to group polarisation

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7
Q

Social comparison theory

A

Social comparison theory is we are motivated to be slightly more correct than others

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8
Q

Persuasive arguments theory

A

Persuasive arguments Theory is exposure to previously unconsidered arguments

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9
Q

Group think

A

Group think is where we try very hard to agree with each other

Direct pressure on dissenters to conform 
Illusion of unanimity
Illusion of invulnerability 
Close minded 
Stereotypes views of our group
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10
Q

Why doesn’t group think

A

Janis theory: cohesive groups only
Keugulanskis group centrism theory: low capacity to process info; group strives for cog closure; willing to accept strong focused leaders

Barons ubiquity model: social identification, salient norms and low self efficacy

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11
Q

Why can’t people get along

A

Stereotype
Prejudice
Discrimination

These are all attitudes, thoughts and behaviours towards a distinguishable group of people, based solely on group membership

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12
Q

Affective - prejudice

A

A negative or positive attitude towards a distinguishable group of people, based solely on group membership

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13
Q

Behavioural - discrimination

A

Unjustified, negative, or harmful action towards a person because being member of a group

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14
Q

Cognitive - stereotyping

A

Stereotyping is generalisation about a group of people in which identical traits belong to all group members

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15
Q

Examples of prejudice stereotyping and discrimination

A

All lawyers are dishonest - stereotyping
A white man sitting on a bus next to a dark skinned person feels anxious- prejudice discrimination
Hiring committee evaluates all potential employees exclusively by their professional qualifications - nothing

A man from cancun in Mexico does not like Americans because he thinks they are all drink irresponsibly - stereotyping and prejudice

A women believes it will rain because she sees many grey clouds in the sky - nothing m

A college hiring a maths professor states that they will prioritise male applicants - prejudice and discrimination

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16
Q

Stereotypes examples

A

All blacks are good at sports - race
Men are strong and do all the work - gender
All teenagers are rebels - age
All Jews are greedy - culture

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17
Q

Mental shortcuts

A

Evolved to categorise groups into in groups and out groups

Short answer: social categorisation
Sorting people into groups on the basis of common feathers - makes our live easier

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18
Q

Are stereotypes heuristics

A

Stereotypes are heuristics. They’re mental shortcuts. People may use stereotypes because they contain a kernel of truth

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19
Q

Us v them

A

In group - “Us” the group you belong to

Outgroup - “them” groups you don’t belong to

Ingroup favouritism
Outgroup discrimination

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20
Q

We don’t like dissimilar others

A

Minimal group paradigm

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21
Q

Perceived outgroup homogeneity

A

Overestimating how similar members of others groups are to one another:

They are alike
They all look alike
They all dress the same

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22
Q

Perceived outgroup homogeneity

A

quarterone and jones - students rated similarity in musical preferences for students at their school and another school

Showed they perceived outgroup (other school) had similir music preferences to people in their school similar interst

The “they all like the same thing “

23
Q

Singlism example

A

Singlism is the stigmatizing of adults who are single. It includes negative stereotypinf of singles and discriminations against singles

24
Q

The big 5 on how we perceive solitude

A 
Extroversion 
Agreeableness 
Neuroticism 
Openness
Conscientiousness
25
Q

Solitude seekers are perceived to be more

A

Introverted, disagreeable, neurotic and cold

More likely to be excluded

React more strongly to belonging cues

26
Q

How to fix it. - the contact hypothesis

A

Equal status
Common goals
Cooperation
Support of authorities, law or custom

The contact hypothesis is supported for prejudice reduction
Challenged the four requirements may not be necessary

27
Q

Why do we study interpersonal relationships

A

Because relationships are indispensable part of our lives and more importantly relationships matter.

They contribute physical and psychological well being

It covers wide range of people like siblings friends co workers class mates

These types of relationships differ in vast number of fronts, however they share common fundamentals

28
Q

Challenges of doing relationship research

A

Topic is very personal / private

Hard to manipulate some variables in the labs

Not possible to randomly assign people into different conditions based on some relationship variables

Mostly based on self report longitudinal designs are still strong

Researchers need to come up with smart ways to measure relationship measures

29
Q

How relationships start develop and end

A

Initiation (attraction, self disclosure)

Maintenance (interdependence, commitment, support, sexual relations)

Dissolution (conflict, break up, recovery)

30
Q

Halo effect

A

We perceive those who look good as good at the same time

31
Q

Similarity

A

Similarity suggest who is me and mine

Similarity suggests familiarity

Similarity contributes to mastery and connectedness

32
Q

Positive interaction done by Moreland and beach

A

Exposure effect. - student sits 5 time, another 10 and another 15,

Asked to rate likeliness and attractiveness saw the one who was seen most as most liked and most attractive

33
Q

Feedback loop

A

Once liking is developed, it feeds back on the other factors to reinforce, to strengthen the connection between

Once liking is mutual it translates into a friendship or partnerships

34
Q

Moving from acquaintances to friendships

A

Characteristic that draw people are idiosyncratic characteristics about the individual (how attractive etc). But after that then it becomes less meaningful.

Benefit to reward patterns change
Different relationships have different exchange rules

35
Q

Self disclosure

A

Sharing info about yourself to someone else

Effects are makes other like us (boundary conditions)
Feelings of connectedness
Facilaites coordination
Produce trust

36
Q

Does self disclosure always produce likeability

A

No, there are certain norms we follow in our relationships to make the self disclosure effective

These are:
Not disclosing too much
Reciprocity in Convo (give back)
Keeping discloses parallel with there’s

37
Q

Self disclosure breakfast club example

A

They barely know each other
they share superficial info about themselves
They share more personal info
They see each other as friends

38
Q

Self disclosure gender

A

Reis studies showed women tend to self disclosure more than men

Also women disclose more to women
And men disclose more to men

And women particularly disclose about their feelings and emotions

39
Q

Self disclosure with cultural differences

A

People in individualistic cultures self disclose more

Expression of their uniqueness as an individual

40
Q

What is a close relationship

A

A relationship involving strong and frequent interdependence in many domains of life

41
Q

Relationship interdependence

A

Cognitive

Behavioural

Affective

42
Q

The investment mode of commitment

A

Caryl rusbult did the investment model of commitment

Satisfaction - how happy the relationship makes you

Quality of alternatives - are your alternatives to the relationship better or worse than the current relationships

Investments - anything you put into the relationship that you won’t get back in case the relationship ends

Subjective norms - your perception of your close others

43
Q

Bowlbys attachment theory

A

Looks at low to high avoidance and low to high anxiety

Bowlby says if you had all fundamental needs of yourself given by your caregiver you will feel loved and be relied upon

It proved:
Around 60-65% of pop falls under this category - considered as having a secure attachment style

Around 15-20% of pop falls under This category - anxious attachment style

Dismissive: around 10-15# of pop falls under this category

44
Q

Impact of ones attachment

A

Secure - easy to get close, comfortable with others, relationships easy form and last av 10 years

Anxious - want to be close to others but may not believe others want to be close to them, may want to emerge completely and be engulfed by partner, av 5 years

Avoidant - uncomfortable with others being close, worry about becoming dependant on other; wants less intimacy / closeness, av duration 6 years

45
Q

Highly avoidant individuals may

A

Highly avoidant individuals may
Be less invented in close relationships
Express less grief following loss
Not use touch to communicate affection or intimacy
Fantasise about someone else while having sex

46
Q

Highly anxious individuals may

A

Highly anxious individuals may be deeply invested in close relationships but have a high break up rate

Grieve intensely during loss and find it difficult to achieve resolution

Self disclose too much

Hold affectionate reps of self and others in sexual fantasises

47
Q

Securely attached individuals may

A

Securely attached individuals may:

Value and enjoy their relationships

Grieve following a loss or breakup but achieve resolution

Provide ample partner support when evidence of distress

48
Q

Sternbergs trianglur theory of love

A

Sternberg proposed a theory of love with theee components

Passions is the motivational component of love - sexual desire, craving for the person

Intimacy is the emotional component - the sense of bondedness
-emotional closeness / willingness to help others / sharing / openness

Commitment is the cognitive component - the decision to be together
Motivation to overcome difficulties

49
Q

Component of love in a relationship over time

A

Passion develops rapidly and then declines over the course of the relationship

Both intimacy and commitment increase as the relationship continues - if not, the relationship will end when the passion ends

This provides a conceptual basis for the transformation of passionate love to companionate love

50
Q

Sternergs characteristics of love

A

Liking - intimacy and friendly
Empty love - commitment and long term static relationships

Infatuation - passion ( a crush)

Compassionate love - intimacy + commitment (characterise a happy couple who shared many years together)

Fatuos life - passion + commitment - courtship one longs for person from a far

Romanticus love - passion + intimacy

Consummate love - all thre ideal, people Strive for, but hard to achieve and sustain

51
Q

Some findings

A

Intimacy and commitment predict relationship stability

Married people score higher on commitment

Passion declines more sharply for women

Compatibility is important

52
Q

Handling relationship conflict: communication styles

A

There are times when positive communication is harmful, and when negative communication is beneficial.

This varies by the directness of the communication

53
Q

Handling relationship conflict: communication styles

A

Direct opposition > beneficial when diagnostic problem severity and partners feel able to resolve issues

Harmful when: disproportionate to problem severity and partners feel unable to resolve issues

Indirect opposition > beneficial when: successfully inducing guilt in partner reduces relationship insecurity

Harmful when: partners avoid dependence, resent implied obligations, and resist change

Indirect cooperation: beneficial when: reduces reactance in defensie partners and problems are addressed

Harmful when: serious problems remain unaddressed and partners continue problematic behaviour

54
Q

Relationship dissolution

A

Sprecher- found that satisfaction and commitment drop signicsnt before breakups

Group Dynamics (5 decks)

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