Block 3 Week 1: Health beliefs & health behaviours Flashcards
What are lay health beliefs?
Rooted in socio-cultural contexts in which we live
Shaped by people’s:
- Place in society
- Culture
- Personal biography (experience)
- Social identify eggender, sexuality, ethnicity, occupation
Can be informed by medical and health knowledge
Not simply due to lack of/ diluted version of medical knowledge
What is culture?
Why is it important?
Values, norms, and traditions that affect how individuals of a particular group perceive, think, interact, behave, and make judgments about their world
It shapes how we feel, think & experience life
Cultures: faith, nationality, social glass, gender
Important to understanding why:
- A patient may believe something
- Insight into the patient’s needs (info & support)
-
Influences health seeking behaviours
- Response to symptoms, How to consult, Expectations about Tx, Concordance with Tx
What is the symptom iceberg?
1/3: See Gp/ HCP
2/3: Do nothing, Self medicate, Consult someone else
This may not always be appropriate for everyone
What influences the decision to consult?
1) Perception of symptoms- Bio/Pscy/Social
2) Explanation of symptoms- are they familar/ serious
3) Evaluation of symptoms- Eg: post drinking headache vs excruciating headache randomly when woke up
What are the social triggers to seeking medical help?
1) Interference with social and personal relationships
2) Interference with vocational or physical activity
3) ‘Sanctioning’ by others – influence of lay referral system
4) A ‘temporalising’ of symptomology
If i don’t get better by X
5) Interpersonal crisis
Define health behaviours
What are the three different types of health behaviours?
Behaviours that are related to the health of an individual
1) Good health behaviours
2) Protective Health behaviours
Seatbelt/ attending screeing/ check-ups
3) Health imparing behaviours
Health behaviours- Dual pathway model
Physiological process can DIRECTLY cause Physcial health issues
Eg: Stress –> Hair loss
Physiological process can INDIRECTLY cause Physical health issues through changing a behaviours
Eg: Stress –> Smoking –> Lung disease
Health Behaviours- Bio-Psycho-Social model?
Bio: Genetics/ Virus/ Bacteria
Psych: Behaviour/ Emotions/ Beliefs/ Coping/ Stress
Social: Class/ Employment/ Ethinicity
Interactions between the groups
What are the determinants of health behaviours?
1) Background factors- Characteristics that define the context in which people live their lives
2) Stable factors- Individual differences (personality) in psychological activity that are stable over time & context
3) Social factors- Social connections in the immediate environment
4) Situational factors: Appraisal of personal relvance that shape responses in specific situation
Health behaviours: Determinants of health behaviours- Stable factors
Whar are they?
How do they affect appraisal of event?
Individual difference in psychological activity that are constant over a peroid of time & context
Influence appraisal in three ways:
- Determine if & extend the sensitivity to an evernt
- Provide generalised framework for understanding & evaluating event
- Make available or suggest potential responses
Health behaviours: Determinants of health behaviours- Stable factors
What are the three broad times of individual differences?
1) Emotional disposition: PRESENT- Psychological processes involved in experience and expression
OCEAN = 5 personality trats
2) Generalised expectancies: Future- Formulating expectations in relation to future outcomes
Locus of Control
Self Efficacy
3) Explanatory styles: PAST- Explaining the causes of negative events
Optomism
Attributional style
Health behaviours: Determinants of health behaviours- Stable factors:
Emotional disposition- What are the 5 different personality traits
Psychological processes invovled expression & experience
Openness to new experiences: Interllect & interest in culture
Conscientiousness: They will achieve
Extroversion: Outgoing
Agreeableness: Loving, friendly, complient
Neuroticism: Exerpeince more negative emotions
Health behaviours: Determinants of health behaviours- Stable factors
Generalised Expectations: What are they 2 types?
Psychological processes invovled in formulating expectiations in relation to future outcomes
1) Locus of control: Expectations that future outcomes will be determined by factors that are either internal (self) or external (powerful others, and chance)
Internal locus: generally more fabourable health outcomes
Believe they are responsible for own health
Illness can be avoided by taking care of themselves
2) Self Efficacy- Belief in own ability to organise and execute a course of action, and the expectation that it will result in desired outcome
Health behaviours: Determinants of health behaviours- Stable factors
Explanatory Styles- What are they two types?
Psychological processes inovlved in explaining the cause of negative events
Optimism (Pessimism): Expectation of positive future outcome despite current negative event
- Low levels of physiological reactivity & promotes active coping responses
- Optimism associated with better health behaviours & outcomes
Attributional style: Explain negative events as internal/ permanent (time) & global (situation)
What are social cognition theories?
What are the examples?
Attempt to explain the relationship between social cognitions (beliefs, attitudes & goals) and behaviour
- Health Belief Model
- Theory of Planned Behaviour
- Transtheroretical Model
(see helping peatients change behaviour)
