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Parasite I Final Review > Block 3 > Flashcards

Block 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Definitive Host (DH)

A

a host in which the parasite develops to mature stage

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2
Q

Intermediate Host (IH)

A

a host in which a parasite develops to the infective stage of the DH

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3
Q

Paratenic Host (PH)

A

a host not necessary for the development of the parasite (enhances the chance that the parasite life cycle will be complete)

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4
Q

• biological vector

A

o host in which a protozoan parasite develops through either asexual or sexual multiplication
o transmits parasite via
mouth parts after biting a DH
feces deposited on DH as it is feeding

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5
Q

Infection

A

when endoparasites infect the host INTERNALLY

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6
Q

infestation

A

when ectoparasites attach to OR occupy the host

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7
Q

Self-limiting Infections

A

Development of species or strain specific immunity

  • Parasite is eliminated
  • Protection from subsequent infection
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8
Q

Prepatent Period (PPP)

A

Time from infection to when eggs, cysts, and larvae appear in body fluids or excretions from the DH.

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9
Q

Spirocerca lupi

A

o esophageal worm
o FH: dogs, wolves, lions, (L3); IH: dung beetles (egg with L1) ; PH: chickens, birds and lizards
o Site: stomach to esophagus, migrating though the thoracic aorta possibly leaving lesions.
o Size: adults, pink/red 8cm. eggs small+elongated 30-35 um

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10
Q

Toxocara canis

A

o common: roundworm, ascarid
o FH: dogs ZOONOSIS ; PH: rodents
o Modes of infection: per os (eggs L2), transmammary (L3), transplacental (prenatal)(L3)
o Site: Small intestine
o Size: large white 10-15cm. eggs dark brown, round 85x75 um

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11
Q

Toxocara cati

A

o common name: common round worm/ascarid
o FH: cats PH: rodents
o Modes of infection: transmammary, per os (egg L2), paretenic hosts.
o Site: small intestine
o Size: large, white 4-10cm. eggs 60x80um round and thick shelled

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12
Q

Toxascaris leonia

A

). Eggs reach infective stage in about a week. Eggs hatch in the stomach and L enter the mucosa of small intestine (develop and molt then return to lumen of the intestine to mature). If eggs are ingested by rodents, they hatch and encyst as infective arrested larva (no placental or mammary gland transmission. Prepatent period is 2-21/2 months!

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13
Q

Ancylostoma caninum

A

o common name: hookworm
o FH: dogs, foxes; PH:rodents
o modes of infection: percutaneous, per os, paratenic hosts, transplacental, transmammary. (L3)
o Site: small intestine

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14
Q

Diphyllobothrium and Spirpmetra (Diphyllobthriidae)

A
  1. Copepods as first intermediate host
  2. Dog eats fish, amphibian, or reptile as a second intermediate host
  3. Eggs contain first stage larva = Oncosphere
  4. Second larva = Proceroid, in the body cavity or tissue of the first intermediate host.
  5. Third larva = Plerocercoid, in the second intermediate host
  6. Definitive Host = ingested the plerocercoids (aquatic food chain)
    - - Most digested but left the scolex and the neck

Treatment: Praziquantel

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15
Q

Taenia Identification

A
  • 10-100 cm in length
  • Non-retractable rostellum with two rows of hooks (hooks use for firm attachment in theDigestive Tract
  • Rectangular segments
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16
Q

Taenia Life Cycle

A
  • Definitive Host = Gravid segments
  • Eggs = Onchospheres,
  • Ingestion of the intermediate host, the eggs hatch to give hexacanth embryo (spines on the surface)
  • Hexacanth embryo migrates to the liver and both of the skeletal and cardiac muscle
  • Second-stage larva infective to the definitive host (must eat the immediate host/rabbits)
  • Scolex attaches to the small intestine and begins to bud off segments
  • Second stage larva (found in the intermediate host) can include:
    1. Cysticerus (Single bladder with one scolices, T. hydratigena)
    2. Strobilocercus (elongated segment in the intermediate host, infection of a long time, T. taeniaformis = feline)
    3. Coenurus (Single bladder with many scolices, T. serialis)
    4. Hydatid (Formed by Echinococcus it can be either unilocular or alveolar)
  • Cysts (juvenile) is more infective stage than adults
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17
Q

Taenia hydratigena

A

Mammal host needed for the intermediate host of Cysticercosis. Taenia hydratigena (canine), the infective stage is the cysticercus migrates through the liver and encysts

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18
Q

Traumatic hepatitis

A

(condemnation of infected livers by meat inspectors)

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19
Q

Taenia ovis

A

Canine, Cysticerus infects the cardiac and skeletal muscles of sheep

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20
Q

Taenia pisiformis

A

Cysticerus is found in the liver and the peritoneal cavity of rabbits

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21
Q

Taenia saginata

A

Human, cysticerus found in the striated muscles of cattle, no hooks Eating beef, because it has no hooks, the human being cannot act like intermediate host)

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22
Q

Taenia solium

A

Human, people become infected by eating undercooked pork containing cysticerci (containing ones’ fingers with the infected feces)
 Person feces containing eggs that can reach the mouth (lapse in personal hygiene)

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23
Q

Taenia taeniaformis

A

Strobilocercus larva of the cat (definitive host)

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24
Q

Taenia multiceps:

A

Sheep, goats, cattle causes coenurosis (intermediate host because of present of conurosis)
 Cysts invade cranial cavity
 Neurological Signs (Blindness, incoordination, walking in circles)
 Many canids (definitive host)

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25
Q

Taenia serialis:

A

Dogs and Foxes (intermediate host)

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26
Q

Echinococcus Granulosus

Identification

A

Identification:

  • 45 to 65 testes and genital pore is located at or posterior to the middle of the segment
    • Parasite of the Dog, coyot, wolf and dingo
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27
Q

Echinococcus Granulosus

Life Cycle

A

Larva = hydatid Cyst (Sheep, swine, cattle, humans, moose, caribou, kangaroos)

  • Hydatid = Sheep, fertile (intermediate host)
  • Hydatid = Cattle, Sterile (intermediate host)
  • Echinococcus granulosus granulosus: Sheep and human (most effected)
  • Echinococcus granulosus equinus: Horses, Donkeys, and Mules (intermediate host
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28
Q

Echinococcus Granulosus

Distribution

A

Endemic in North and South America, England, Africa, and Middle East
- Non-infiltrative, non-fatal, small in cattle, massive in humans, Unilocular or alveolar

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29
Q

Echonococcus multilocularis

Identification

A

17-26 testes,

- Endemic north central Europe, Alaska, Canada, and central United States

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30
Q

Echonococcus multilocularis

Disease

A

Pressure atrophy of surrounding organs

  • Allergic reactions to fluid leaks
  • Hydratidosis
  • Unilocular hydrated cysts is the second stage larva of Echinococcus granulosus and is infective to dogs and other canids (definitive). Starting as an onchosphere, the larva grows slowly. As humans live longer, fertile hydatid may grow very large
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31
Q

Echonococcus multilocularis

Life Cycle

A

Alveolar Hydatid Cysts:

  • Second stage larva of E. Multilocularis (infective to dogs, foxes, and cats, which serve as a definitive host)
  • Develop in voles, lemmings, cattle, horses, swine, and humans
  • Fatal and Infiltrative
  • Contamination of pastures results in domestic ruminants and swine infections
  • Pastoral Cycle results from feeding uncooked meat to dogs and cats
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32
Q

Pastoral and Sylvatic

A

Pastoral and Sylvatic of E. granulosus and E. Multilocularis: Sylvatic cycles (Predator-Prey), reaches human through their domesticated animals. E. granulosus cycles are maintained in wild ruminants and wolves (Canada); Wallaboes and dingoes

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33
Q

Echonococcus

Control

A

Rid of stray Dogs

- Anthelminitic Medication 
 - Prohibition against feeding uncooked OFFAL to dogs and cats
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34
Q

Echonococcus

Treatment

A
  • Benzimidazole carbamate derivatives
  • Mebendazole and albendazole are currently used for chemotherapeutic treatment of Alveolar Echinococcus, as well as of cystic hydatid disease
  • The only curative treatment of AE is still radical surgical resection of the parasite tumor, supported by pre and post-operative chemotherapy
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35
Q

Moniezia

Identifcation

A
  • Looks like broken glass, if in dog don’t treat, he ate poo
    • Unarmed Scolices
    • Four Suckers
    • Very wide segments with bilateral genitalia
    • Characteristic egg shaped (triangle in shaped)
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36
Q

Moniezia

Transmission

A

Oribatid Mites

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37
Q

Moniezia

Life Cycle

A

In small intestine of cattle, sheep, and goats
- Involve arthropod (oribatid mites and Psocopterans lice) as intermediate host (cysticercoid). Ingestion of infected arthropods results in infection of grazing animals

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38
Q

Dipylidium caninum, Diplopylidum spp., Joyeuxiella

Identification

A

4 Suckers

  • Retractable rostellum (thorn-like hooks)
  • Segment looks like cucumber seeds
  • Bilateral genital pores
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39
Q

Dipylidium caninum, Diplopylidum spp., Joyeuxiella

Life Cycle

A

Cysticercoids (infective stage) develop in fleas (Ctenocephalides spp.) and biting lice (Trichodectes canis)

  • Onchospheres (fully developed embryo) are ingested by the flea larva
  • After emergence of adult flea, hexacanth develops into cysticeroid
  • Onchospheres (fully developed embryo) are ingested by self grooming
  • Adult worms develops in the small intestine
  • Diplopylidium and Joyexiella develops in the Beetle, Reptiles and small mammals serve as a second intermediate host (paratentic host)
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40
Q

Hymenolepis diminuta

Identification

A

In Rodents and Sometime in dogs or humans

- No hooks 
- Three testes and a single ovary
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41
Q

Vampirolepis nana

Identification

A

Rodents and Humans

- Fleas and flour beets are intermediate host (cysticercoid) 
- Single circle of hooks 
- The cysticercoid can be found in the intestinal mucosa of the definitive host 
- Three testes and a single ovary 
- Interal-organisms infection (copies itself with the host)
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42
Q

Mesocestoididae corti

A

Identification:

- 4 suckers 
- No hooks 
- Mediodorsal genital pore 
- Eggs accumulate in paruterine organ

Life Cycle:

- Infective stage for definitive host is tetrathyridium (Peritoneal cavity) 
- Arthropods intermediate host (cysticercoid)
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43
Q

Nematoda

Identification

A

Constant body form

- Large body cavity (pseudocoelom)  - Inelastic cuticle and pseudocoelom fluid enable the worm to maintain constant body diameter - Special way of movement (no circular muscle layer)  - Cuticle is permeable to both water and gases (respiration)  - Mouth with 3 lips (may have teeth)  Pharynx  Intestine  - Feces expelled under pressure  - No circulatory or respiratory organs  - Muscular esophagus  - Males are smaller than the female  - Female reproductive system can be monodelphic, didelphic (two branches) , or multidelphic
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44
Q

Nematoda

Life History

A

Morula (one cell) and vermiform (i.e. microfilaria) embryo are important in diagnosis

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45
Q

Order Strongylida Superfamilies

A
  1. Strongloidea
    1. Trychostrongyloidea
    2. Ancylostomatoidea
    3. Metestronglyloida
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46
Q

Strongyloidea

Identification

A
  • Well-developed buccal capsules (may or may not have teeth)
    • Stoma
  • Male nematodes of the order Strongylida have a caudal copulatory bursa, dorsal, lateral and ventral expansions of the cuticle (lobes), supported by muscular processes (rays)
  • The disposition and configuration of these rays are used in classification and identifcation of Strongyloids
    • Have dorsal and lateral lobes of equal size, thin, and flexible spicules
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47
Q

Strongyloidea

Life Cycle

A
  • Free-living microbivorous first and second larval stages
    • Eggs contain morula stage when deposited and passed put with feces
  • Morula develops into first stage larva which gives second stage larva (still in feces; feed on bacteria)
  • Second stage larva undergo second molt to give a third-stage larva that continue to keep the cuticle of the second larva until entering a suitable
  • Third Stage larva begin to mirgrate out the fecal mass to be ingested by the grazing animal
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48
Q

Strongyloidea

Control and Treatment

A

Separate ill animals (anemia, diarrhea, weakness)

 Anthelmintic may fasten the death of very sick animals

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49
Q

Trychostrongyloidea

Identification

A

Small buccal capsule which may be equipped with a tooth or lancet in blood sucking species
 Common and pathogenic in grazing ruminants (abomasum and small intestine)
 Trichostrongylus: Hairlike, no capsule, short spicules

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50
Q

Trychostrongyloidea

Life Cycle

A

 Free-living microbivorous first and second larval stages.
 Eggs contain morula stage when deposited and passed out with feces
 Morula develops into first stage larva which gives second stage larva (still in feces; feed on bacteria)
 Second stage larva undergo second molt to give a third-stage larva that continue to keep the cuticle of the second larva until entering a suitable
 Third Stage larva begin to mirgrate out the fecal mass to be ingested by the grazing animal

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51
Q

Trychostrongyloidea

Disease

A
  1. Infective third stage larva survive the winter on pasture
    1. Ruminants are exposed to infection in spring
    2. All larvae die off in summer
    3. Eggs laying continue over the fall to give the new winter generation of larvae
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52
Q

Trychostrongyloidea

Specie

A

 Trichostrongylus axei: parasite of stomach (abomasum) or ruminants , horses, and leporids
 Amidpstromum: parasite of geese and ducks (but not mammals) has large toothed buccal capsule)
Ostertagia ostertagi
1. Cattle (Floatation Diagnosis)
2. Chronic Abomasitis
3. Most serious helminth parasite of cattle in the USA
 Teladorsagia cirumcincta
1. Sheep and goat

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53
Q

Haeminchus

Identification

A

 Buccal cavity armed with lancet

 Asymmetrical dorsal ray and short, wedge-shaped spicules

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54
Q

Haemonchus Disease

A

Haemonchus contortus
1. Removal of the circulating erythrocytes volume from lambs
 Anemia
 High egg counts (10,000/gram)

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55
Q

Mecistocirrus

Identification

A

 Parasites of abomasum of ruminants and stomach of pigs in Central America
 Suck blood and produces anemia and diarrhea

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56
Q

Cooperia

A

 Buccal cavity is very small, the spicules are short and blunted at their tops
 Confused with Trichostrongylus
 Accumulation of feces result in foul condition that attract blowflies (resulting in myiasis) on sheep sm intestine

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57
Q

Nematodirus

Identification

A

Triangular tooth
 Female has a spine at the tip of tail
 Infect domestic ruminants

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58
Q

Nematodirus

Life Cycle

A

 Larva develops to the infective third stage within the egg shell
 Hatching depends on extrinsic stimuli (weather change)

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59
Q

Nematodirus

Disease

A

Neatodirus battus causes severe and debilitating diarrhea in lamb

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60
Q

Hystrongylus rubidus

A

Stomach of swine
 Larva invade the gastric glands
 Causes gastritis

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61
Q

Ollulamus trcuspos

A

Ovoviviparous
 larvae mature in the stomach (single host, very rare)
 Transmitted by ingestion of vomitus from an infected host
 Causes chronic gastritis in cats (fatal)

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62
Q 
Dictyocaulus viviparous (Lung worms) 
Identification
A

Found in respiratory passages of ruminants and horses
 Lumen of the bronchial tree
 Cause chronic bronchitis
 Only nematode that reaches maturity in the ling of the cattle
 Free living stages depends on stored energy
 When ingested larva migrates through mesenteric lymph nodes

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63
Q 
Dictyocaulus viviparous (Lung worms) 
Treatment
A

Rotate pasture

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64
Q

Dictyocaulus arnfieldi:

A

Pathogenic in horses but tolerated in donkeys

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65
Q

TREATMENT of Trychostrongyloidea

A

 Ruminants:

	1. Thiabendazole, 
	2. Fenbendazole 
	3. Albendazole 
	4. Ivermectin 
	5. Dormactin
	6. Livamisole 
	7. Mornatel
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66
Q

Stronglyoidea

Identification

A

Large buccal cavity surrounded by a buccal capsule
 Well developed copulatory bursa
 Prodelphic vulva (caudal end) is common

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67
Q

Strongylinae “Large stronglyes”

Identification

A

 The most destructive parasites of the horse are: (all three are blood suckers as adult worms in the cecum and colon) (larvae needed to differenciate between the three species)

1. Strongylus vulgaris 
2. Strongylus edentates 
3. Strongulus equinus
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68
Q

Strongylus vulgaris

Life Cycle

A

 Larvae undergo migrations that cause great damage
 Infective larvae can resist cold weather and desiccation
 The third stage infective larvae enter the wall of the cecum and ventral colon upon ingested a horse (MORE MIGRATION Larvae)
 Fourth larvae penetrate the colic and cranial mesenteric arteries

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69
Q

Strongylus vulgaris

Pathogenicity

A

Larval migrations damage the cranial mesenteric artery and its branches

70
Q

Strongylus Treatment

A

Ivermectin and Albendazole

71
Q

Strongylus edentates and Strongylus equinus

A

Adults are twice as large as S. vulgaris
 Adults are more pathogenic and more difficult to treat
 Third stage larvae of S. edentates reach the liver through the portal veins, molt in the hepatic parenchyma
 The third stage larvae S. equinus molt in the wall of the cecum
 Fourth stage larvae reaches the right half of the liver, enter the pancreas or abdominal cavity, adults enter intestinal lumen

72
Q

Cyanthostominae

Identification

A

 Small strongyles
 Small buccal cavity
 Distinct inner and outer lead crowns
 Common in horses

73
Q

Cyanthostominae

Disease

A

Arrested larvae in large number cause disease = Cylicocyclus insigne

74
Q

Cyanthostominae

Treatment

A

Not affected by treatment (arrested larvae); dexamethasome (adults)

75
Q

Treatment Cyanthostominae

A

Let horses exercise in no grass areas (no contamination)

  1. Periodic anthelmintic 3 Benzimidazole
  2. Piperazines
  3. Febantel
  4. Ivermentin
  5. Fenbendazole
  6. Selective Treatment: method for avoiding the development of resistance
76
Q

Oesophagostominae

Identification

A

Parasites of large intestine of ruminants, wine and primates
 Known as NODULAR WORMS
 Calcified nodules interfere with the intestine function

77
Q

Oesophagostominae

Diseases

A

Oesophagostomum columbianum

2. Chabetria ovina 
3. Oseophagostomum radiatum
78
Q

Stephanures dentatus

Identification

A

 The Kideny worm of swine (females form cysts in the kidney fat)
 Parasite of hepatic, renal, and perirenal tissue
 Cup shaped buccal cavity
 Stephanures dentatus and Cyathostoma: Earthworm serve as intermediate host (facultative become a must)

79
Q

Stephanures dentatus

Infection

A

 Direct Ingestion
 Indirect Ingestion
 Penetration of third-stage larvae

80
Q

Stephanures Dentatus

Disease

A

Liver Damage

81
Q

Staphanus Dentatus

Treatment

A

Fenbendazole

 Ivermectin

82
Q

Parasites of upper respiratory tract. EW serves as IH

A

Syngamus and Cyathostoma = birds

mammonogamus - mammals

83
Q

Ancylostomatidae (Hookworms)

Identification

A 
 Parasite of the small intestine 
	 Anterior end of the worm is “hooked” 
	 Ancylostomatinae parasitize carnivorous hosts 
	 Bumostominae parasitize herbivorous  
	 Omnivorous are parasitized by both
84
Q

Ancylostomatidae (Hookworms)

Life Cycle

A

 Free living microbivorous first and second larval stages
 Eggs contain morula when deposited and passed out with feces
 Third stage larva begin to migrate out the fecal mass to be ingested by the grazing animals

85
Q

Ancylostomatidae (Hookworms)

Species

A

 Ancylostoma braziliense: one pair of teeth (Dogs)
 Ancylostoma duodenal: two pairs of teeth (Human)
 A. tubaeforme: three pairs of teeth (cat)
 A Caninum: three pairs of teeth (Dogs)
 Globocephalus urosubulatis: No teeth, no plates (Swine)
 Placoonus lotoris: Five articulating plate (Raccoons)
 Bunostomum: Ruminants
 Bathmostomum: Elephants
 Grammocephalus: Elephants and rhinoceroses
 Necator: Human

86
Q

A. Caninum Characteristics

A

(sharp teeth and more pathogenic)

87
Q

A. Caninum Life Cycle

A

 Infection occurs through ingestion or penetration
 Arrested larvae later becomes active to either mature into adults (intestine) or shed from mammary glands (pups infection) and placenta

88
Q

A. Caninum Diseased

A

 A. caninum is more pathogenic
Kennel and Pet shops accumulation of feces
 Peracute hookworm disease: larvae passed through milk to pups
 Acute hookworm disease:
1. Exposure of older pups to large numbers of infective larvae
 Chronic hookworm: Asymptomatic (cont. transmission)

89
Q

A. Caninum Treatment

A

Creeping eruption
 Caused by migrating L in human
 Blood Transfusion

90
Q

Metastrongyloidea

Identification

A

Parasites of the respiratory, vascular, and nervous system of mammals
 Required snail or slug intermediate host
 Infective stage: develops in the earthworm

91
Q

Metastrongyloidea

Life Cycle

A

Metastrongyloidea eggs laid can contain from a single cell embryo
 Molluscan or annelid (earthworm) intermediate hose (first to third infective)
 Infection occurs through ingestion of the intermediate host
 EXCEPTION TO THOS ARE THE FILAROIDES OSLERI AND FILAROIDES HIRTHI (both can directly infect the dogs in the first larval stage)

92
Q

Metastrongylidae

A

 Metastrongylus (only genus)

  1. Bronchi and bronchioles of swine
  2. Trilobed lips flanking the mouth
  3. Earthworm (paratenic host)
  4. Not very pathogenic, oviparous
93
Q

Metastrongylidae

Treatment

A

Fenbendazole

2. Ivermectin

94
Q

Protrongylidae:

Identification

A

Parasite of sheep and goats

 Eggs deposited in lung, vascular or neural tissues, egg develop into L1 before feces

95
Q

Protostrongylus rufescens (Sheep)

A

Live in the smaller bronchioles
 Comb like spicules
 Treatment: Fenbendazole

96
Q

Muellerius Capillaris

A

Tiny, deeply embedded in lung tissue or reactive nodules
 Moxidatin (Sheeps): heavy infection)
 Eprinomectin (Goats): (Heavy Infection)

97
Q

Parelaphostrongulus tenuis

A

 Parasite of the meninges of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)
 Abnormal hosts (sheep, goats, camel, moose) tends to invade nervous system

98
Q

Crenosoma vulpis

A

In the bronchi and bronchioles of foxes, raccoons, and dogs

99
Q

Troglostrongylus

A

Felidae

100
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus

Identification

A

Lung parenchyma in cats
 Eggs are deposited in “nests” (oviparous) that appears as nodules
 Symptoms: Coughing, anorexia, dyspnea, and polynea, many remain free of clinical signs

101
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus

Treatment

A

Ivermectin

2. Selamectin
3. Fenbendazole: Paralysis, treatment can kill host
102
Q

Angiostrongylous Vasorum:

A

Pulmonary arterial tree of dogs

 Disease: Pulmonary Thrombosis and interference with clotting leading to multiple subcutaneous hemorrhages

103
Q

: Angiostrongylus cantonensis

A

Lingworm of the rat

 Causes eosinophilic meningitis and encephalomyelitis in humans (eating infected raw snails, slugs)

104
Q

Filaroides osleri and F. hirthi

A

 Occur in nodules within the epithelium of the trachea and bronchi or w/n the lung parenchyma
 Ovoviviparous directly infectiveaL1 larva
 No intermediate host

105
Q

Filaroides osleri and F. hirthi

Signs and Treatment

A

▪ F hirthi: normally no clinical signs; fatal in severely stressed and immunodeficient animals
▪ F. osleri: Dry cough, chronic disease
▪ F. hirthi :Albendazole, ivermectin
▪ F. osleri: Thiacetarsemide injection, Thiabendzole, fenbendazole, ivermectin; no satisfactory treatment
▪ Filaroides hirthi (reaction to dead and dying worms); Filaroides osleri (right) nodules near tracheal bifurcation

106
Q

Rhabditida

Identification

A

Small nematodes
 Parasites of lower vertebrates or invertebrates
 Rhabditis, Halicephalobus, and Strongyloides parasitize domestic animals

107
Q

Rhabditis (Pelodera) strongyloides:

Identification

A

Produce a pruritic, hyperemic dermatitis in cattle, swine, dog, horses and rodents
 (Damp straw bedding causes dermatitis in canine that caused by this parasite)

108
Q

Halicephalobus (Micronema) Deletrix:

Identification

A

 Rhabtitoid esophagus ; only one egg in uterus
 Highly pathogenic parasite of horse and man
 Equine
 Fatal in humans

109
Q

Strongyloides

Identification

A

Name mean round and compact

 Female lies deep in the mucosal crypts of the alimentary tract (sm. Intestine)

110
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis

A

Humans dogs and cats

111
Q

S. papillosus

A

Ruminates

112
Q

Life Cycle of Strongyloides:

A

 Parasitic male do not exist
 Parasitic females have no male gonads
 Homogonic Rhabditiform: larvae in the external environment develop through two molts into infective filariform larvae or through four molts into free-living males and females
 Filariform larvae penetrate the skin of suitable host, molt twice to give parasitic female

113
Q

S. ransomi

A

Swine

114
Q

S. westeri

A

horses

115
Q

S. fuelleborni

A

African primates and humans

116
Q

S. cebus

A

American primates

117
Q

S. ratti and S. venezuelensis

A

Rats

118
Q

Diseased caused by Stronglyloides

A

 Asymptomatic in most domestic specie
 Anemia in Piglets, Diarrhea in fouls
 Bronchoneumonia, diarrhea, hemorrhage

119
Q

Control of Strongyloides

A

Cages and pens must be cleaned
 Separate pups immediately after birth
 Suitable anthelminitic

120
Q

Oxyuris equi

A

Pinworm

Highly specific parasite of the larger intestines

121
Q

Oxyuris Equi

Diagnosis

A

 Cellophane tape against the anus and then stick it to a slide
 Disposable cloth to clean perineum of the horse

122
Q

Oxyuris Equi

Treatment

A

Ivermectin

 Pyrantl tartrate

123
Q

Ascaridida

Identification

A

 Intestinal tract of domestic animals
 Most common of all nematodes
 Infective stage of development take place inside the egg
 Parasitize aquatic vertebrates (have free-swimming larval stages and intermediate host)

124
Q

Ascaridida

Two types

A

Terrestrial

Aquatic

125
Q

Ascaris Suum

Identification

A

 Eggs hatch in the stomach and small intestine to give infective L3 which enter the wall of the cecum and colon and proceeds to the liver through the portal vein
 Larvae out into the alveoli, reach the pharynx to be swallowed (mature in the intestine) how pigs gat a. sum

126
Q

Ascaris suum

Disease

A

Migration cause mechanical damage and allergic inflammation (eosinophilic inflammation)
 Milk spot (fibrosis of the liver)
 Condemnation
 Pigs: Server respiratory problems

127
Q

Ascaris Suum

Treatment

A

Pyrantel tartrate can kill infective larva
 Fenbendazole
 Ivermectin
 Piperazines

128
Q

Parscaries equorom

Identification

A

Found in horse

 Liver and lung damage results in chronic reduction

129
Q

Parascaries equorom

Results

A

Malnourished

130
Q

Parascaries equorom

Treatment

A

Paralysis the worms may cause obstruction of the bowel
 Difficult to destroy eggs
 Pyrantel tartrate
 Somatic migration

131
Q

Toxascaris leonine

Identification

A

 Parasite of dogs and cats (cool climate)

 No placental or mammary gland transmission

132
Q

Toxocara canis

Identification

A

Canine (CNS invasion)(intermediate host)

133
Q

Toxocara canis

Life Cycle

A

 Larvae that undergo tracheal (newborn puppy) migration develop to sexual maturity
 Somatic migration results in arrested lavae
 Placenta and mammary glands transmissions
 Tracheal ends in mature worms
 Pups can be born with infection
 Arrested larvae “encysted” in paratenic host
 More pathogenic than Leonia in definitive host

134
Q

Toxocara canis

Control of Canine and Feline Ascarid Infection

A

 Sanitation
 Clean all surfaces
 Keep in dogs and cats indoor

135
Q

Toxocara canis

Treatment

A

Piperazine
 Fenbendazole
 Cesarean section of cats
 No placental transmission

136
Q

Human Toxocarosis (Visceral larva migrans) (T. Canis):

A

Nodules in liver, lungs, kidneys, and brain
 Larvae may cause granulomatous retinitis
 Eating contaminated Soil

137
Q

T. Cati

A

less important as a cause of visceral larva migrans

138
Q

Baylisascaris spp

Identification

A

 Common in North American wildlife

 CNS invasion

139
Q

: Baylisascaris procynoins of the raccon

B. Columnaris of the skunk

A

Raccoons can be treated using anthelmintics active against T. Canis: 5 eggs
cause death in humans

140
Q

Baylisascaris procyonois

A

Causes human visceral larva migrans

 Larvae grow as they migrate

141
Q

Camallanina (Dracunculus) and Spirurina

Identification

A

Require either an insect or crustacean intermediate host to develop into infective stage
 Definitive host become infected through ingestion of intermediate host or paratentic
host

142
Q

Dracunculus

Identification

A

Guinea worm

 Parasite of subcutaneous tissue of carnivorans and man

143
Q

Dracunculus

Life Cycle

A

Indirect
 Larvae discharged into the water and when ingested by Cyclops (copepod) develop into infective stage
 Definitive host infective by drinking water

144
Q

Dracunculus insignis

A

raccoons, dogs, cats in North America
 Frogs as paratenic host
 TX: winding the worm up on a stick

145
Q

Dracunculus medinensis

A

Man in the Middle east

146
Q

Spirurina

Identification

A

Six superfamilies which are parasite of domestic animals

2. Characterisitcs stoma and surrounding structures

147
Q

Gnathostomatoidea

A

Doughnut-shaped collar of spines around the oral openings
 Adults are found in cystic nodules
 Amphibins, snakes, and fishes as parantenic host
 Cystic nodules may break open into peritoneal cavity (severe inflammation called
peritonitis, fatal)
 May migrate to the brain
 Tx: unknown

148
Q

Physalopteroida

A

 Parasite of the stomach of carnivorans (stomach worm)
 Adults live in the stomach with the anterior end embedded in the muscosa
 Eggs are passed in the feces. The eggs, which contain larvae, are ingested in the
beetles
 Cause bleeding in the stomach

149
Q

Thelaziidae

A

Parasites of conjunctival and lacrimal sacs of domestic animals (Eye worm)

	- - North American specie: Thelazia caiforniensis  
	- - These larvae develop into infective larvae in the face fly (Musca autumnalis)
150
Q

Spiruroidea: Gongylonema

A

 Mucous membrane of the host esophagus (G. pulchrum) or rumen (G. verrucosum)
 Infective: in dung beetle or cockroach

151
Q

Spirocera lupi

A

 Found in nodules in the esophagus wall or stomach
 Eggs contin vermiform larvae/embryo

Disease:
 Dysphagia and vomiting

152
Q

Habronematoidea

A

Parasite of the equine stomach
 If deposited in wounds will not complete the life cycle: Results in cutaneous
granulomas

153
Q 
Dirofilaria immittis (dog heartworm)  
Life Cycle
A

– Transmitted by blood sucking insects where microfilaria develop into infective
L3
– Microfilaria circulate in the blood
– Adults are found in the pulmonary arteris
– Dead worms are carried deeper into the lungs
– Mosquitoes as vector

154
Q 
Dirofilaria immittis (dog heartworm)  
Disease
A
    • Illness start with the appearance of microf. In blood with physical obstruction of vessels, heart chambres, and valves
      - - Pulmonary hypertensions and right heart failure
      - - Dogs appears fatigue, cough,
155
Q 
Dirofilaria immittis (dog heartworm)  
Diagnosis
A

Microfilariae in blood (Dipetalonema reconditum)

156
Q 
Dirofilaria immittis (dog heartworm)  
Control and Treatment
A
    • Ivermection and Milbemycin oxime
    • Prevention of Macrocylic lactone
    • Heartworm disease in cats. When dealing with cat infection, be aware that cats carry very few worms amicrofilaramic, no enough circulating antigens.
157
Q

Setaria labiatoppilloa and S. equine

A

 parasites of the serous membranes of cattle and horses
 Migrating L may invade CNS causing neurological disease
 Adults found moving in the horse eye anterior chamber

158
Q

Onchocerca spp

A

Black Flies

TX: Ivermectin

159
Q

Onchocerca cervicalis

A

Found in the nuchal ligament of the horse

160
Q

Onchocera. gutterosa

A

in cattle I nuchal ligament (connective tissue)

161
Q

Onchocera. linalis

A

connective tissue between the spleen and the rumen of cattle

162
Q

Parafilaria multipapillosa and Parafilaria bovicola

A

 Horses and cattle respectively
 Subcutaneous and inter-muscular connective tissues causing bleeding from nodule through a tiny pore (Summer Bleeding)
 Horses bleed when under sunlight

163
Q

Dipetalonema reconditum

A

 Canine
 Hooked on end
 arised from Drofilarie immitis (HW)

164
Q

Elaophara schneideri

A

 Deer, elk, and sheep
 Carotid, iliac, and mesenteric arteries
 Tabanids

165
Q

Elaeophara schneideri

A

Cattle

 Horn fly (Haemotobia irritans) ventral midline dermatitis

166
Q

Dioctophyme renale

A

Giant Kidney worm”
 Min are principle definitive host
 Brownish, thick-shelled eggs,
 Bell shapes, eggs passes in urine
 Eggs are infective to obligovhate annelid worms
 Oligochates are ingested by fish or frogs

167
Q

Stichosome esophagus

A

Capillary tube surrounded by glands (Stichocyte)

168
Q

Trichinella spiralis:

A

 embedded in the mucosa of the small intestine of swine, carnivorans, and man
 Found in the cysts in the striated muscle
 Both sexes reach maturity within two days of eating infected meat
 Host digestive enzymes liberate L from cysts
 Raw or undercooked pork: Human infection
 Treatment: Albendazole

169
Q

Trichuris (Whip-shaped)

A

embedded in the large intestine
 lemon shaped eggs
 free in the lumen

170
Q

Trichuris suis

A

in young cause diarrhea, anorexia and retardation of growth

Control: Separating animals from eggs
171
Q

Trichuris vulpis

A

Treated with Fenbendazole (Panacur)

Parasite I Final Review (5 decks)

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