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Parasite I Final Review > Block 1 part 2 > Flashcards

Block 1 part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Parasitic flagellates can be:

A

A) Hemoflagellates that live in the blood, lymph, and tissue spaces (Trypanosoma and Leishmania), and are typically transmitted from host to host by bloodsucking insect
B) Mucosoflagellates that live in the alimentary or genital tract (in association with the mucous membrane)

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2
Q

Trypanosoma:

A

elongated, spindle-shaped cell with a single nucleus in the middle and a single flagellum that arises from kinetoplast (large mitochondrion with copious DNA

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3
Q

Four morphological forms

A

The amastigote (lack flagellum)
Trypomastigote (kinetoplast lies posterior to the nucleus)
Epimastigote (kinetoplast immediately anterior to the nucleus)
Promastigoe (kinetoplast is near the anterior end of the cell)

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4
Q

Trypanosoma brucei

Life Cycle

A

Conveyed through the bite of Glossina spp.(tsetese) to domestic livestock; multiplies by longitudinal binary fission in the blood, lymph, and cerebrospinal fluid of the mammalian host
• Trypomastigotes are ingested by the tsetese fly, multiply in the midgut, undergo metamorphosis, and migrate to the salivary glands, where they become infective metacyclic trypomastigote stage

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5
Q

Trypanosoma equiperdum

A

is unique in not requiring an intermediate host (transmission occurs through sexual contact

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6
Q

Trypanosoma cruz

A

It was also present in hunting dogs in central Virginia. Opossums, armadillos, rats, guinea pigs, cats, racoons, and monkeys serve as reservoir. It multiply by binary fission in mammalian cells.Infection can occur through placenta or blood transfusion. Individuals handling infected animal blood!!

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7
Q

Xenodiagnosis

A

Uninfected bugs are allowed to feed on suspected individuals and their hindguts are examined later. Inefficient !!

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8
Q

Trypanosoma brucei and T. congolense Disease

A

: Fatal nagana disease in domestic ruminants

The disease is obstructing grazing in many African areas

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9
Q

Trypanosoma gabiense and T. rhodesiense Disease

A

cause African sleeping sickness in human

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10
Q

Trypanosoma vivax Disease

A

Acute (hemorrhages from the mucosal and serosal surfaces, Chronic (anemia) or no disease in cattle

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11
Q

Trypanosoma evansi Disease

A

causes Surra in domestic animals

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12
Q

T. equinum Disease

A

causes a disease similar to surra in South American horses (called mal de Caderas)

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13
Q

Trypanosoma equiperdum (horses): Disease

A

Equine venereal disease called dourine. Acute form characterized by swelling of the genitalia and mucoid discharge, containing the parasites. As acute signs subside, circular flattened, “silver dollar” plaques appear in the skin

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14
Q

T. cruzi

A

causes Chagas’ disease (American trypanosomiasis

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15
Q

Trypanosoma Treatment and control

A

nifurtimox (4-Thiomorpholinamine

Benznidazole

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16
Q

Hemoflagellates

A

Leishmania spp.

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17
Q

Leishmania donovani

A 
visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) in  humans and dogs 
Foxhounds
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18
Q

Leishmania tropica

A

: cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in human, dogs, rodents, and wild mammals

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19
Q

Leishmania Control:

A

Pentostam: Pentostam

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20
Q

Trichomonads (group name) Mucosoflagellates

A

Pear-shaped

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21
Q

Tritrichomonas foetus

A

is found in the vagina, uterus, macerated fetus, prepuce, penis, epididymis, and vas deferens

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22
Q

Axostyle

A

Axostyle is a sheet of microtubules found in certain protozoa. It arises from the bases of the flagella, sometimes projecting beyond the end of the cell. Often flexible or contractile, and so may be involved in movement.

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23
Q

Trichomonds Life Cycle

A

Trophozoite in preputial epithelium of bull. Trophozoite enters reproductive tract of cow during coitus. Trophozoite multiply in both sexes by binary fission

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24
Q

Disease caused by Tritrichomonas foetus

A

Infertility, abortion and occasional fatal mummification (common in USA). Bulls are normally asymptomatic

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25
Q

T. vaginalis

A

causes vaginitis in women

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26
Q

T. gallinae

A

causes necrotic ulceration in the esophagus, crop, and proventriculus of pigeons, turkeys, and chickens

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27
Q

Histomonas meleagridis

A

is taken by the nematode Heterakis gallinarum. Birds become infected when they eat the nematode egg. Inflammation and necrosis of the cecal wall and the liver cause high mortality in turkeys

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28
Q

Giardia lamblia (mammals), Giardia muris (mice), and Giardia ranae (frogs

A

Giardia trophozoite cell: two nuclei (each with large endosome), and four pairs of flagella

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29
Q

Giardia Life Cycle

A

Giardia parasitizes the small intestine. Trophozoites attach to the mucosal cells by their sucking disks. Trophozoites form infective cysts

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30
Q

Giardia Disease

A

Causes enteritis and diarrhea in dogs, cats, calves, and humans

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31
Q

Giardia Control and Treatment

A

Prevention of fecal contamination of feed and water and sanitation. Fenbendazol and Albendazole

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32
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

A

a parasite of large intestine (amebic dysentery in humans

Endemic in the tropics and occurs sporadically in the temperate regions.

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33
Q

Entamoeba invadens

A

causes sever disease and death in reptiles

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34
Q

Ciliophora

A

ciliates)

35
Q

Balantidium coli:

A

Cell surface is covered with cilia
Very large as a single cell
TX: Dehydroemetine dihyrochloride

36
Q

Coccidians:

A

develop in epithelial cells of alimentary canal (enteritis); transmitted by fecal contamination

37
Q

Hemosporidians:

A

develop in erythrocytes and cause hemolytic anemia; transmitted by bloodsucking arthropods

38
Q

Coccidia

Infective Form

A

Sporozoites (infective forms) found in sporulated oocysts

39
Q

Eimeria

Life Cycle

A

Gastrointestinal parasites of many vertebrates

: Asexual (oocysts with 8 sporozoites) and sexual stages
Trophozoite
Oocyst divides into four sporoblasts (sporulation) each giving a sporocyst (containing two haploid sporozoites), giving the infective sporulated oocyst

40
Q

Eimeri tenella, E branetti, E. maxima, E mitis, E. acrvulina

A

affect birds

41
Q

E. bovis and E zuernii

A

Causes bloody diarrhea. causes severe illness and death may occur even before oocysts appear

42
Q

Eimeri Control

A

Proper sanitation; sulphonamides

43
Q

Cystoisospora felis

A

Sporozoites may encyst (singly) in the tissues of the mouse. A cat become infected either by ingesting sporulated oocysts or infected mouse (serve as facultative paratenic host)

44
Q

Diagnosis of Cystoisospora

A

. Diagnosis depends on identification of oocysts in feces

45
Q

Cystoisospora (isopora)

A

Hammondia, Toxoplasma, Besnoitia and Sarcocystis

46
Q

Cystoisospora felis and Cystoisospora rivolta in cats:

A

In dogs and cats the disease is characterized by copious and watery diarrhea for several weeks

47
Q

Cystoisospora suis

A

causes noenatal coccidiosis in pigs (1-2 weeks old); survivals are completely immune. Birds remain the most affected animals by coccidians

48
Q

Treatment and control of Cystoisospora

A

Sulfonamide for dogs and cats; sulfadimethoxine for dogs. Amprolium, monensin or sulfa drugs for cattle

49
Q

Cryptosporidium

A

• Tiny (oocysts are 4-8um in diameter). In microvillous borders of enteric epithelial and also in gallbladder, respiratory, and renal epithelium

50
Q

Cryptosporidum

Life History

A

Infective oocysts are passed in feces. Contain 4 sporozoites. They can remain infective for months. When ingested by a host, oocysts release the sporozoites that invade microvillous borders of the gastric glands or lower half of the small intestine. T

51
Q

Cryptosporidum Disease

A

: Mammals, avian, reptilian, and piscine host. Diarrhea. Only small proportion of the infected mammals develop disease.corytosporidiosis in cats is associated with feline leukemia virus causing immunodeficiency

52
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

A

• Coccidian of the domestic cat, which are the only known definitive host. Any warm-blooded animal may serve as a paratenic host

53
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

Life Cycle

A

Oocyst contains a single sporont (not infective). Sporulation takes 1-5 days giving two sporocysts (infective) each containing 4 sporozoites
Bradyzoites (?) are then formed in the brain, striated muscles and liver (they remain viable for the whole life the host). Bradyzoites are infective
Transplacental transmission of tachyzoites is possible

54
Q

Toxoplasma Disease

A

Un-cooked pork is an important source of infection

55
Q

Treatment of toxoplasmosi

A

Cat are treated with Clindamycin hydrochlorid

56
Q

Neospora caninum a

A

parasite of dogs and cattle. Causes bovine abortion among dairy cows. Congenital infection is common. Infection affect milk production

57
Q

Hammondia hammondi

A

a rare parasite of cats. Pigs, rats, mice, goats, hamsters, and dogs serve as intermediate hosts.

58
Q

Hammondia heydorni

A

parasite of dogs, foxes, and coyotes (cattle, sheep, goats, camels, water buffalo, guinea pigs, and dogs serve as intermediate hosts). Tachyzoites give bradyzoites.

59
Q

Hammondia Life Cycle

A

• Two-host life history, as for H. hammondi, but only sexual reproduction occurs in the definitive host. Sporogony is completed in the definitive host. Asexual reproduction occurs only in the intermediate host. Compare with Hammondia hammondi.

60
Q

Hammondia Control

A

Cooked beef for dogs and cats. Avoid contaminating cattle feedstuffs with canine feces

61
Q

Sarcocystis neurona

A

It causes severe neurological disease in horses

It is known as equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM)

62
Q

• Sarcocystis neurona

Diagnosis

A

: Finding EPM organisms in Central nervous system. Western blot analysis of serum or cerebrospinal fluid. PCR on cerebrospinal fluid

63
Q

Hepatozoon americanum

A

in US causes disease in dogs (vector: Amblyoma maculatum tick). • Diagnosis: Gamonts in peripheral blood (H. canis). Muscle tissue examination (biopsy) for H. americanum
• Disease: Neutrophilic leukocytosis, joint pain associated with myositis and periosteal bone proliferation

64
Q

Babesia spp

A

• Parasites of erythrocytes; causes bovine piroplasmosis (“Texas fever”). Apple-seedlike, found in pairs in erythrocytes

65
Q

Babesia Life Cycle

A

Boophilus annulatus and B. microplus are the vectors
Vertical transmission to ovary
Sporozoites enter the host’s erythrocytes.
Two ray bodies fuse to form a zygote

66
Q

Diseased Caused by Babesia (Piroplasmosis)

A

acute cases mortality is as high as 50-90%. First sign is a high fever. Cattle become dull, lethargic and lose their appetite. Severe anemia results from destruction of erythrocytes. Jaundice.

67
Q

Control and Treatment of piroplasmosis

A

Elimination of the vector. Regular cattle dipping in a tickicide. Artificial pre-immunizing of calves with a mild strain before shipping to other areas

68
Q

Babesia canis and B. gibsoni infect dogs

A

The first has pear-shaped trophozoites. The second are round to oval in shape

69
Q

Babesia

Diagnosis

A

Demonstrating trophozoites in erythrocytes

70
Q

Theileria

A

East cost fever of African cattle. Occurs in erythrocytes, lymphocytes and endothelial cells. Transmitted by Rhipicephalus and Hyalomma spp. Heavy mortality

Horse fly as vector

71
Q

Theilaria

Treatment

A

Parvaquone, Buparvaquone, Halofuginone

72
Q

Cytauxzoon felis

A

cytauxzoonosis) of cats in south central US). Pyrexia, anemia and dehydration; causing death within few days

73
Q

Cytauxzoon felis

Diagnosis

A

Giemsa-stained blood smears. (light blue cytoplasm and dark red nucleus). Dermacentor variabilis has been shown experimentally to serve as transstadial vector

74
Q

Plasmodium Spp

A

Cause disease in humans, primates, rodents, birds, and reptiles. The vector for mammals is anopheline mosquitoes. The vector for avian malaria is culicine mosquitoes.

75
Q

Plasmodium Spp

Life Cycle

A

Sporozoited Infective Stage
Vector Mosquito
Gramtocytes are infective to mosquitoes

76
Q

Plasmodium Spp

Disease

A

Cerebral involvement, renal failure, or pulmonary hemorrhage (fatal). P. knowlsi and P. cynomolgi of nonhuman primates (transmissible to human)

77
Q

Plasmodium Treatment

A

Treatment of malaria: Chloroquine. Quinine

78
Q

Haemoproteus spp

A

In birds, turtles, and lizards. Schizogony occurs in vascular endothelial cells of various organs and only gametocytes appear in erythrocytes

79
Q

Haemoproteus Trasmi

tted by

A

Culicoides, Hippoboscidae, or Chrysops

80
Q

• Leucocytozoon spp.:

A

Parasites of domestic and wild birds
◦ L. simondi: Ducks and geese (fatal)
◦ L. caulleryi: chickens
◦ L. smithi: turkeys

81
Q

Leucocytozoon Spp

Life Cycle

A

Similar to that of plasmodium. Gametocytes here do not have pigment granules and distorting the cell. Simulium spp. serves as intermediate host

82
Q

Hepatocystis spp

A

.: Parasites of the lower monkeys, fruit bats, and squirrels in the Old World. Schizogony occurs in hepatocytes (2 months), resulting in large schizonts called merocysts

83
Q

Hepatocystis Transmitted by

A

Culicoides

Parasite I Final Review (5 decks)

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