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BM212 > Block 3 > Flashcards

Block 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what does rhinovirus infect

A

epithelia cells which leads to a cold

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2
Q

what does hepatitis A-G infect

A

liver cells

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3
Q

what does HIV infect

A

CD4+ T cells which leads to Aids

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4
Q

innate immune response for viruses

A

Type-1 interferon (IFN)
NK cells
Dendtritic cells

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5
Q

adaptive immune system response for viruses

A

CD4+ helper T cell
CD8+ cytotoxic T cell
B cells

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6
Q

where is cytokine production incduced

A

virus-infected cells

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7
Q

what does Type-1 IFN do

A

Induces cells to shut down some of their protein-making functions.
Activates immunoproteasome activity and increases MHC expression
Activates dendritic cells, macrophages and NK cells

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8
Q

how do some viruses try to evade immune response

A

by switching off MHC-1 expression or inhibiting the processing pathway

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9
Q

what do activated NK cells produce

A

IFN gamma, which helps activate macrophages and induces T cells towards Th1 phenotype

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10
Q

what are NK cells activated by

A

recognition of ‘altered self’ altered surface proteins on infected cells suggest infection

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11
Q

what does reduced levels of MHC-1 allow

A

virus-infected cells to evade cytotoxic T cells

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12
Q

how are cytotoxic T lymphocytes activated

A

by recognition of specific viral antigen on MHC-1

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13
Q

what activates apoptosis

A

release of intracellular granules

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14
Q

what do antibodies do

A

bind to virus proteins and target for destruction, block viral proteins, neutralise viral toxins

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15
Q

what is a parasite

A

organism that benefits at the expense of another host organism

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16
Q

what cells do not express MHC molecules

A

Red blood cells

17
Q

healing response to Leishmania major

A

macrophage/dendrtitic cells produce IL-12 activating macrophages to kill the intramacrophage parasite.
IFN-gamma from NK cells, TH1 cells activate macrophages which produce microbicidal products eg superoxide, nitric oxide, enzymes

18
Q

cutaneous leishmaniasis

A

no activated macrophages, TH2 dependent, IL-4 drives a TH2 response, Th2 cells produce IL-4/IL-13 which inhibit a TH1 response by inhibiting IL-12 production. IL-4/IL-13 inhibit IFN-gamma production and activity

19
Q

toxoplasma gondii

A

CD8+ T cells producing IFN-gamma main mediators of resistance
In AIDS patients dormant tissue cysts in the brain reactivate resulting in encephalitis
IgG-coated parasites are killed inside macrophages following phagolysosome fusion

20
Q

what does antigenic variation result in

A

parasite persistence

21
Q

how do the different cell-mediated responses recognise bacteria

A

Innate- pathogen recognition receptors (PRR)
Adaptive- B/T cells recognise their specific antigen

22
Q

how do neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) respond to bacteria

A

immobilise bacteria at the site of infection, specialised apoptosis (NETosis)

23
Q

complement-mediated killing of bacteria

A

Direct lysis of bacterial cell using full pathway
Indirect – act as an opsonin to aid phagocytosis

24
Q

antibody response to bacteria

A

bind to bacterial toxins, neutralise effects – stop toxin reaching its active site. Act as an opsonin–clumped bacteria easier to be taken up by phagocytes
Bacteria produce super antigens – class of proteins that can activate a large population of T cells – induce toxic shock

25
Q

T cells response to bacteria

A

produce cytokines- act on intracellular bacteria interferon-gamma, CD8+ T cells and CD4+ TH1 cells
Kill cells by apoptosis

26
Q

how is cancer caused

A

uncontrolled replication of a cell

27
Q

what is caused by smoking

A

chronic inflammation which causes an imbalance in cytokine secretion and inflammatory responses

28
Q

intrinsic cancer pathway

A

series of genetic events (e.g. activation of oncogenes, inactivation of tumour suppressor genes) causing neoplastic transformation

29
Q

extrinsic caner pathway

A

inflammatory leukocytes and soluble mediators maintain inflammation at a site and increase cancer risk
Cancer cells can remain localised or spread through the body (metastatic)

30
Q

what do cancer cells not express

A

MHC molecules

31
Q

what do cancer cells express

A

antigens with poorly immunogenic epitopes

32
Q

what do cancer cells release

A

immunosuppressive cytokines- TGF- beta used by tumours. causes CD4+CD25 => CD4+CD25+ Treg cells – switch off cytotoxic T cells. Induce the development of Th17 and reduce the fraction of activated Th cells
Th2 cytokines

33
Q

what qualities do M2 Macrophages

A

anti-inflammatory qualities to protect host tissues and produce numerous growth factors

BM212 (4 decks)

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