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BM212 > Block 1 > Flashcards

Block 1 Flashcards

1
Q

pathogen sizes small-large

A

viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, worms

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2
Q

phagocytes

A

2-8% of WBC: monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells
Eats stuff

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3
Q

granulocytes

A

neutrophils=40-60%
eosinophils=1-4%
basophils and mast cells=0.5-1%
release toxic compounds

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4
Q

natural killer cells

A

2-3% of WBC
type of lymphocyte
kill virally infected cells and tumour cells

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5
Q

CD8+ cytotoxic T cells

A

20% of WBC
kill virally infected cells, tumour cells and allografts

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6
Q

CD4+ helper T cells

A

45% of WBC
Th1, Th2, TH9, TH17, regulatory T cells (Treg)
Help other cells by releasing cytokines
Regulate immune responses

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7
Q

Gamma delta T cells

A

5% WBC
immunoregulatory and cytotoxic

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8
Q

B cells

A

23% WBC
make antibodies

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9
Q

complement pathways

A

classical, alternative, lectin

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10
Q

what do the complement pathways result in

A

-phagocytosis by opsonising antigens
-inflammation by attracting macrophages and neutrophils
-membrane attack by rupturing cell wall of bacteria to lyse cells

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11
Q

what are cytokines

A

hormone-like secreted proteins that act through cell surface receptors

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12
Q

what do cytokines include

A

chemokines, interferons, interleukins, lymphokines and tumour necrosis factors

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13
Q

what are antibodies (Ig)

A

large Y-shaped proteins produced by plasma B cells that specifically recognise pathogen epitopes

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14
Q

main functions of antibodies

A

neutralisation, aggulation, complement

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15
Q

what do PAMPS bind to in the innate immune system

A

patter recognition receptors (PRRs)

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16
Q

classical complement pathway

A

antigen: antibody complexes activated =>recruitment of inflammatory and immunocompetent cells

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17
Q

lectin complement pathway

A

lectin binding to pathogen surfaces=> opsonisation of pathogens

18
Q

alternative complement pathway

A

pathogen surfaces=> killing of pathogens

19
Q

B cell activation includes MHC-I or MHC-II

A

MHC-II

20
Q

what T cell involved in B cell activation

A

CD4+ via CD40

21
Q

where are T cells selected

A

Thymus

22
Q

where do T cells mature and migrate into

A

The periphery

23
Q

where do T cells circulate

A

through lymph nodes

24
Q

IgG

A

main antibody in the blood, binds to bacteria and toxins. Only isotope that can pass through placenta

25
Q

IgM

A

mainly distributed to the blood, produced first upon pathogen invasion by B cells, key role in initial immune system defence

26
Q

IgA

A

In secretions of bowel fluid, nasal discharge and saliva to prevent bacterial invasion from a mucous membrane. Present in breast milk and products of the gastrointestinal tract of newborns

27
Q

IgD

A

present on the surface of B cells and plays a part in the induction of antibody production at the prevention of respiratory tract infections

28
Q

IgE

A

Originally related to parasites. By binding to mast cells it is involved in allegories

29
Q

what enzyme is involved in complement pathway

A

proteases- catalysis proteolysis which breaks down proteins into smaller polypeptides

30
Q

what does classical activation require

A

IgG and IgM

31
Q

what is classical activation initiated by

A

C1 components

32
Q

what does c1 cleave

A

C4 to form C4a and C4b. C4b then binds to pathogen and C2

33
Q

what does the formation of c4b2a cleave

A

C3 which cleaves into C3a and C3b

34
Q

what does C4b2a3b cleave

A

C5 which binds to surface of pathogen and then binds to C6, C7, C8 and monomers of C9 to form c5b6789n the membrane attack complex (MAC)

35
Q

what is the alternative pathway initiated

A

C3 which is enzymatic cleaved by microbe to give C3b.

36
Q

what does C3b bind to

A

Complement factor B form C3Bb complex. Exposes a site on Factor B that is a substrate for Complement factor D
Factor D cleaves Factor B to Ba and Bb
C3b and Factor Bb form C5 convertase (C3bBb) - Complement factor Properdin binds to C3bBb and stabilizes it on a pathogen’s surface

37
Q

what does C3bBb forms make a complex with

A

C3b to form a C5 convertase activity
Pathway then continues in same way as classical pathway

38
Q

what is the lectin pathway initiated by

A

mannan-binding protein, MASP-2 cleaves C4 and C4b-bound C2, generating C4b2a - lectin pathway C3 convertase, Continues as classical pathway

39
Q

what do lysozymes break down

A

carbohydrate chains, and damages structural integrity of the bacterial outer membrane.

40
Q

what do defensins do

A

disrupt membrane of the pathogen

41
Q

where are cathelicidins stored

A

neutrophil granules as inactive precursors

BM212 (4 decks)

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