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bio 107 > Block 2 Lecture 7 & 8: Protein folding + Chemical Energy > Flashcards

Block 2 Lecture 7 & 8: Protein folding + Chemical Energy Flashcards

1
Q

To change from primary to secondary structure, which bonds must be formed between amino acid side chains?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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2
Q

what are the two kinds of secondary strucutre

A

alpha helix and beta pleated sheet

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3
Q

Tertiary structure involves the collapse of ______ components and the facing outwards of ______ components

A

the collapse of hydrophobic components and the facing outwards of hydrophilic components

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4
Q

what are the bonds present in tertiary structure between non-polar amino acid side chains, and how strong are they relatively

A

Van der Waals, weak

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5
Q

what bonds are present between polar side chains in a tertiary structure

A

hydrogen bonds

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6
Q

what bonds are there between charged amino acid side chains on a tertiary structure, and how strong are they relatively?

A

ionic bonds, weak

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7
Q

What structure of protein do disulphide bridges form and between what two molecules do they form?

A

form in a tertiary structure between two cysteine molecules. Is a strong bond

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8
Q

what does a quaternary structure consist of?

A

two or more polypeptide chains each with their own tertiary structure

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9
Q

homodimer and heterodimer complexes are part of which classification of protein structure?

A

quaternary

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10
Q

where are membrane anchored and secretory proteins initially translated?

A

on cytoplasmic ribosomes

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11
Q

What is the name of the particle that recognises the signal peptide when it emerges from the ribosome after being translated?

A

the SRP, signal recognition particle

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12
Q

what is the function of the SRP, the signal recognition particle?

A

targets specific receptors in the ER membrane

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13
Q

is the signal sequence found at the C terminus or the N terminus of the polypeptide chain?

A

the N terminus

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14
Q

what is the process for the translocation of a secretory protein (e.g a hormone) across the ER membrane?

A

chain is completely translocated and the signal sequence is cleaved off by a signal peptidase.

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15
Q

Do secretory proteins remain insoluble in the ER lumen once they have been translocated?

A

No, they are effectively solubilised in the lumen once they have been translocated.

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16
Q

What is the process for the transaction of a membrane protein across the ER membrane?

A

one or more of the hydrophobic segments of the polypeptide chain anchors it in the bilayer

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17
Q

Which of membrane and secretory proteins are moved via transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi?

A

Both membrane and transport proteins are moves via transport vesicles from the lumen of the ER to the Golgi

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18
Q

What are the different types of vesicles that operate from the Golgi?

A

Transport vesicles which move proteins to lysosomes, Membrane vesicles which merge proteins to the membrane of the cell, secretory vesicles which export proteins out of the cell via exocytosis.

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19
Q

Which face of the Golgi are vesicles packaged at?

A

The trans face of the Golgi

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20
Q

______ reactions transfer energy from complex molecules to ATP

A

catabolic

21
Q

______ reactions transfer energy from ATP to complex molecules

A

anabolic

22
Q

do catabolic or anabolic reactions result in the storage of energy

A

catabolic

23
Q

what facilitate the transfer of glucose from the bloodstream into a cell?

A

insulin

24
Q

what facilities the conversion of stored glucose, as glycogen, to glucose in the bloodstream?

A

glucagon

25
Q

Is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic and where does it occur?

A

anaerobic, occurs in the cytoplasm

26
Q

what is the reactant and what is the product of glyoclysis

A

Glucose turns into two molecules of pyruvic acid and four ATP

27
Q

How many ATP are used in the process of glycolysis

A

2 ATP

28
Q

How many NAD molecules are reduced by glycolysis

A

2

29
Q

what must happen in between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?

A

the formation of Acetyl CoA

30
Q

How is Pyruvic acid converted to Acetyl CoA

A

aerobic process in the mitochondrial matrix

31
Q

is the formation of Acetyl CoA anaerobic or aerobic

A

aerobic, requires O2

32
Q

What does the Krebs Cycle produce from 1 molecule of Acetyl CoA

A

1 x ATP,
2 x CO2,
1 x FADH2 and 3 x NADH

33
Q

Where does the Krebs Cycle occur and is it an aerobic or anaerobic process?

A

in the mitochondrial matrix, is aerobic

34
Q

During the electron transport chain, what does the enzyme ATP synthase do as protons move back across the mitochondrial membrane?

A

Phosphorylate ADP to ATP

35
Q

what is the final electron acceptor in the electron transfer chain

A

O2, forms water

36
Q

ETC uses energy from _____ reactions to fuel pumping of protons up a concentration gradient from matrix to inner membrane space

A

redox

37
Q

what is proton motive force derived from

A

the energy rich electrochemical gradient

38
Q

how many protein complexes form the ETC?

A

4

39
Q

what two kinds of phosphorylation are present during cellular respiration?

A

substrate level phosphorylation (Krebs and Glycolysis) and oxidative phosphorylation (ETC)

40
Q

Does NAD+ or FAD promote the production of more ATP

A

NAD

41
Q

where is insulin produced

A

by beta cells of Islets of Langerhans in pancreas

42
Q

what is the function of insulin

A

promote glucose uptake into cells (for ATP production or storage in liver). insulin produced when blood sugar levels are high

43
Q

where is glucagon produced

A

Produced by alpha cells of Islets of Langerhans in pancreas

44
Q

what is the function of glucagon

A

Stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to increase blood sugar levels

45
Q

Diabetes Mellitus : a disease in which the body’s ability to produce or respond to the hormone____ is impaired, resulting in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and _____ levels of glucose in the blood.

A

insulin, results in elevated/increased levels of glucose in blood

46
Q

what is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes

A

type 1: beta cells of pancreas are destroyed so insulin is not produced.

type 2: body produces insulin but receptors are non-functional

47
Q

what is the most common form of diabetes

A

type 2

48
Q

what are some side effects of diabetes

A

excessive thirst, frequent urination, weight loss, fatigue

bio 107 (9 decks)

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