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BIO 107 > Block 2 Lecture 6 from Gene to Protein > Flashcards

Block 2 Lecture 6 from Gene to Protein Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the key principles of the central dogma

A

DNA is the heritable material, RNA is the messenger as proteins carry out cellular functions

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2
Q

what initiates transcription in eukaryotes

A

basal transcription factors

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3
Q

what is the role of a basal transcription factor

A

to match RNA polymerase to the appropriate promoter region of the DNA

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4
Q

where on the DNA is a TATA box

A

on the promoter commonly

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5
Q

which RNA polymerase in eukaryotes is responsible for the transcription of proteins

A

RNA polymerase II only

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6
Q

what does the transcription initiation complex consist of

A

transcription factors and RNA polymerase II

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7
Q

where do transcription factors bind to on a gene

A

the promoter, specifically the TATA box

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8
Q

What direction does RNA polymerase move in and in what direction is the new mRNA strand

A

RNA polymerase moves 3’ to 5’, the new strand is manufactures in a 5’ to 3’ direction

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9
Q

what speed does RNA polymerase unwind RNA during eukaryotic transcription elongation

A

10-20 base pairs at a time

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10
Q

on what end does the addition of new RNA nucleotides occur during transcription elongation

A

3’ end

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11
Q

what is the rate of transcription in eukaryotes

A

40 nucleotides per second

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12
Q

how is termination of eukaryotic transcription achieved?

A

RNA polymerase II transcribes a polyadenylation signal into the DNA

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13
Q

what is the polyadenylation signal at the end of an mRNA transcript

A

AAUAAA

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14
Q

what is a UTR

A

an untranslated region

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15
Q

what occurs immediately after eukaryotic transcription

A

eukaryotic mRNA processing

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16
Q

what does the 5’ cap consist of

A

modified guanine residue

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17
Q

what is the function of the 5’ cap

A

protect from degradation, aid stability and promote its export from the nucleus

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18
Q

what does the 3’ end of the mRNA contain

A

a poly-A tail

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19
Q

what does a poly-A tail consist of

A

50 to 250 adenine nucleotides

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20
Q

what is the function of a poly-A tail

A

stability

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21
Q

what part of the pre-mRNA is cut out

A

introns

22
Q

what part of the pre-mRNA is spliced together

A

exons

23
Q

what accomplishes splicing in a pre-mRNA transcript

A

a spliceosome

24
Q

what are the key components of a spliceosome

A

several snRNP’s and proteins

25
Q

what is an snRNP

A

snRNA and proteins

26
Q

what does snRNP stand for

A

small nuclear ribonucleic protein

27
Q

what specifically is the role of a spliceosome

A

CATALYSES the removal of introns and the joining of exons

28
Q

what role does snRNA play in the splicing out of introns

A

snRNA sequence is complementary to the intron splice site

29
Q

what affect does the number of A’s in a poly-A tail have on the rate of degradation of a transcript

A

more A’s slows down the rate of degradation

30
Q

what is the name of the enzyme that charges tRNA by catalysing the addition of an amino acid to the tRNA

A

aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

31
Q

does the addition of an amino acid to tRNA by aminoacyl tRNA synthetase require energy?

A

yes, one ATP is converted to AMP

32
Q

what is an aminoacyl tRNA

A

tRNA covalently linked to its amino acid

33
Q

is the binding site for an amino acid on a tRNA structure at the 3’ or the 5’ end?

A

3’

34
Q

what shape does the tertiary structure of a tRNA molecule form?

A

L-shaped

35
Q

what is the wobble hypothesis

A

the anticodon of tRNA can still bind successfully to a codon whose third base pair is non-standard

36
Q

can one tRNA bind to more than one codon?

A

yes

37
Q

where are ribosomes made and where do they operate

A

made in the nucleolus, operate in the cytosol or on the RER

38
Q

what is the difference between a peptide and a protein?

A

peptide < 50 amino acids (oligopeptide)

protein > 50 amino acid

39
Q

what part of the ribosome forms peptide bonds during translation

A

the large subunit

40
Q

what is the function of the small ribosome in translation

A

hold the mRNA in place

41
Q

what are the three locations of tRNA on a ribosome during translation

A

the A site, the P site and the E site

42
Q

what is the A site on a ribosome

A

the acceptor site

43
Q

what is the P site on a ribosome

A

the peptide bond site, where a peptide bond forms between the growing amino acids of a polypeptide

44
Q

what are the three phases of translation

A

initiation, elongation and termination

45
Q

what does the first aminoacyl tRNA, that binds to the small subunit of a ribosome, contain?

A

formyl methionine

46
Q

what is the binding site during translation on an mRNA

A

the 5’ cap

47
Q

The large ribosomal subunit ________ the formation of the a forming peptide bond on the growing polypeptide chain

A

catalyses

48
Q

in which direction and to what site is the growing polypeptide chain transferred to during the elongation stage of translation

A

to the right, to the A site

49
Q

what is the energy molecule present during elongation

A

GTP

50
Q

how does termination take place during eukaryotic translation

A

release factor binds, water hydrolyses the bond between polypeptide chain and tRNA molecule, polypeptide released and 2 GTP used

BIO 107 (9 decks)

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