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BIO 107 > Block 1 > Flashcards

Block 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name the six levels of organisation in the human body

A

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organismal

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2
Q

what are the two classes of muscles in the muscular system and where to they function

A

axial in the core and hear, and appendicular in the limbs

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3
Q

what is the formal name for red blood cell production in the red bone marrow

A

haematopoiesis

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4
Q

what is the function of yellow bone marrow and what system is it part of

A

fat cell storage, part of the skeletal system

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5
Q

what are the major organs and systems part of the lymphatic system

A

the spleen and the thymus, the lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels

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6
Q

what is the function of the spleen in the lymphatic system

A

recycles red blood cells and produces antibodies as an immune response

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7
Q

what is the main function of the thymus in the lymphatic system

A

the maturation of T-lymphocytes

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8
Q

what is erythropoietin, EPO, and where does it function

A

a glycoprotein hormone that functions in the kidneys. it signals for erythropoiesis in low conc’s of oxygen, where hemocytoblasts produce more red blood cells

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9
Q

what systems does the pancreas belong to

A

the digestive and the endocrine

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10
Q

what system does the thymus gland belong to

A

the endocrine and lymphatic

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11
Q

Mammary gland belongs to

A

integumentary and reproductive

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12
Q

Gonads belong to

A

reproductive and endocrine

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13
Q

Kidneys belong to

A

urinary and endocrine

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14
Q

Pharynx belongs to

A

digestive and respiratory

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15
Q

what is the fluid component of connective tissue

A

ground substance, specifically GAGS which hold water to form a jelly consistency

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16
Q

what are the components of ground substance

A

glycosaminoglycans, protein, water

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17
Q

what are the three GAGS that combine with proteins to form proteoglycans

A

chondroitin, keratin and dermatin sulphate

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18
Q

what is the GAG that does not bond to proteins?

A

hyaluronic acid

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19
Q

what is the function of a fibroblast

A

secretes fiber proteins, produces reticular lamina as part of basement membrane

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20
Q

what is the function of an adipocyte

A

store fat as tryglycerides

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21
Q

what are the three types of fibres present in connective tissue

A

collagen, reticular and elastic

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22
Q

what are the main functions of connective tissue

A

support, strength, binding, transport, fat storage

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23
Q

where is the connective tissue located

A

underneath the basement membrane and the epithelia

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24
Q

what are some biological features of connective tissue

A

avascular, not found on body surfaces, nervous

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25
Q

what is the main exception to the common features of connective tissue?

A

cartilage

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26
Q

What is the glycoprotein that surrounds the protein fibre elastic?

A

fibrillin

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27
Q

what number chromosome is responsible for producing an altered form of fibrillin

A

15

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28
Q

how does the altered form of fibrillin cause growth defects?

A

cannot bind to tGFB (transforming growth factor beta), so tGFB roams and causes growth in limbs

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29
Q

what is the function of glycosaminoglycans in ground substance

A

trap water to make the GS more jelly like

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30
Q

name the three types of loose connective tissue

A

areolar, reticular, adipose

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31
Q

what are the defining features of collagen fibre

A

strong and thick

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32
Q

what are the defining features of reticular fibres

A

thin branching collagen coated with glycoproteins that form part of the basement membranes

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33
Q

what are the defining features of elastic fibres

A

thin fibrous network of elastin covered with glycoprotein fibrillin

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34
Q

what is the function of a mast cell

A

produces histamine which dilates vessels

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35
Q

where can areolar tissue be found

A

in the subcutaneous layer beneath the skin

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36
Q

describe the features of adipose connective tissue

A

adipose is for insulation, an energy source and thermoregulation.

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37
Q

name the three kinds of dense CT

A

regular, irregular, elastic

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38
Q

what is supporting connective tissue?

A

cartilage

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39
Q

What is cartilage

A

network of collagen and elastic fibres that are relatively weak and flexible

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40
Q

what is the main type of cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage

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41
Q

what are the two other kinds of cartilage

A

fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage

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42
Q

what are the two kinds of osseous tissue

A

compact or spongy

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43
Q

what are the main components of an osteon

A

lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi, central haversian canal

44
Q

what are formed elements

A

Erythrocytes, platelets, granular and agranular leukocytes

45
Q

what is the defining structural feature of a muscle cell

A

elongated

46
Q

how can skeletal muscle tissue be identifuied

A

multinucleate, cylindrical cells with nucleus’ pushed to the side

47
Q

what are some cells found in the connective tissue?

A

fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, white blood cells (leucocytes)

48
Q

where can dense regular CT commonly be found

A

tendons (collagen for attachment)

49
Q

what is the lamellae in an osteon

A

hard rings of mineral salts

50
Q

what are the three types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

51
Q

what kind of muscle tissue is not striated

A

smooth

52
Q

what muscle tissue is under voluntary control

A

skeletal

53
Q

what is the cytoplasm of a myofibril called

A

sarcoplasm

54
Q

what are platelets

A

fragments from megakaryocytes in the red marrow that prevent blood clotting

55
Q

what is the suffix that granular leukocytes are identified by

A

-phil

56
Q

what is the suffix that agranular leukocytes can be identified by, and what are some examples

A

-cyte, monocytes, lymphocytes

57
Q

what are the two types of myofilaments

A

thin actin and thick myosin

58
Q

do myofilaments extend the length of the muscle fibre?

A

no, they are sectioned into sarcomeres

59
Q

what separates sarcomeres?

A

Z discs

60
Q

what are the connective tissue components of skeletal muscle

A

epimysium, perimysium (fascicles), endomysium

61
Q

how can cardiac muscle be identified

A

fibres joined by intercalated discs

62
Q

what two junctions do intercalated discs contain

A

gap junctions (connexons) and desmosomes (keratin and cadherin)

63
Q

does cardiac muscle contain actin and myosin filaments

A

yes

64
Q

where can smooth muscle be located

A

walls of hollow internal structures

65
Q

what is the shape of a smooth muscle cell

A

thin and spindle shaped

66
Q

does smooth muscle contain actin and myosin filaments

A

yes

67
Q

what is the z disc equivalent in smooth muscle

A

a dense body

68
Q

what is the main protein in a dense body

A

actinin

69
Q

what are the two types of nervous tissue cells

A

neurons and neuroglia

70
Q

what are some functions of neuroglia

A

repair and phagocytosis

71
Q

what are the four kinds of CNS neuroglia

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal

72
Q

what shape are astrocytes

A

star shaped

73
Q

what are the functions of astrocytes

A

repair and support

74
Q

what is the function of an oligodendrocyte

A

forms myelin sheath around CNS axons, can do more than one axon

75
Q

what is the function of CNS microglia

A

phagocytosis

76
Q

what is the function of ependymal cells in the CNS

A

produce cerebro spinal fluid

77
Q

what are the two types of PNS neuroglia

A

schwann cells and satellite cells

78
Q

what is the function of a schwann cell

A

form the myelin sheath around one PNS axon only

79
Q

what is the CNS neuroglia equivalent of satellite cells

A

astrocytes

80
Q

what is the function of lymph nodes

A

monitor the composition of lymph

81
Q

what does the thyroid gland control

A

metabolic rate

82
Q

what is the condition associated with too much Growth hormone as a child

A

gigantism

83
Q

what is the condition associated with too much growth hormone as an adult

A

acromegaly

84
Q

what does the cytoskeleton consist of

A

microfilaments e.g. actin, intermediate filaments eg keratin

85
Q

what are the two proteins involved in tight junctions

A

claudins and occludin

86
Q

what spans the gap of a adherens junction

A

cadherin

87
Q

what links cadherin to actin in an adherens junction

A

catenin

88
Q

what cytoskeletal intermediate filament is present in desmosome junctions

A

keratin

89
Q

is cadherin present in desmosomes

A

yes

90
Q

how many connexins form a connexon or a hemichannel

A

6

91
Q

how many hemichannels form a gap junction

A

2

92
Q

what junction connects the basement membrane to the epithelia

A

hemidesmosome

93
Q

what is the binding protein in a hemidesmosome

A

integrin

94
Q

what is the catenin equivalent in a hemidesmosome

A

laminin

95
Q

what are the two parts of the basement membrane

A

basal lamina and reticular lamina

96
Q

where does the basal lamina of the basement membrane get secreted

A

epithelial cells

97
Q

where does the reticular lamina of the basement membrane get secreted

A

fibroblasts in the connective tissue

98
Q

does epithelia contain nerves and blood vessels?

A

nerves but no blood vessels (avascular)

99
Q

what is the spread of malignant melanoma called

A

metastasis

100
Q

what are the two main types of epithelial tissue

A

glandular and covering/lining

101
Q

what is the function of glandular epithelia

A

forms the secretory function of glands

102
Q

what are the two types of glands

A

exocrine and endocrine

103
Q

which gland secretes onto external surfaces/into ducts

A

exocrine

104
Q

where can transitional epithelia be found

A

bladder

105
Q

what types of epithelium can be ciliated and non-ciliated

A

simple columnar and pseudo stratified columnar

106
Q

what type of epithelium can be keratinised and non keratinised

A

stratified squamous

107
Q

which gland subtype secretes directly into the blood

A

endocrine

BIO 107 (9 decks)

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