Block 1 Flashcards
Name the six levels of organisation in the human body
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organismal
what are the two classes of muscles in the muscular system and where to they function
axial in the core and hear, and appendicular in the limbs
what is the formal name for red blood cell production in the red bone marrow
haematopoiesis
what is the function of yellow bone marrow and what system is it part of
fat cell storage, part of the skeletal system
what are the major organs and systems part of the lymphatic system
the spleen and the thymus, the lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels
what is the function of the spleen in the lymphatic system
recycles red blood cells and produces antibodies as an immune response
what is the main function of the thymus in the lymphatic system
the maturation of T-lymphocytes
what is erythropoietin, EPO, and where does it function
a glycoprotein hormone that functions in the kidneys. it signals for erythropoiesis in low conc’s of oxygen, where hemocytoblasts produce more red blood cells
what systems does the pancreas belong to
the digestive and the endocrine
what system does the thymus gland belong to
the endocrine and lymphatic
Mammary gland belongs to
integumentary and reproductive
Gonads belong to
reproductive and endocrine
Kidneys belong to
urinary and endocrine
Pharynx belongs to
digestive and respiratory
what is the fluid component of connective tissue
ground substance, specifically GAGS which hold water to form a jelly consistency
what are the components of ground substance
glycosaminoglycans, protein, water
what are the three GAGS that combine with proteins to form proteoglycans
chondroitin, keratin and dermatin sulphate
what is the GAG that does not bond to proteins?
hyaluronic acid
what is the function of a fibroblast
secretes fiber proteins, produces reticular lamina as part of basement membrane
what is the function of an adipocyte
store fat as tryglycerides
what are the three types of fibres present in connective tissue
collagen, reticular and elastic
what are the main functions of connective tissue
support, strength, binding, transport, fat storage
where is the connective tissue located
underneath the basement membrane and the epithelia
what are some biological features of connective tissue
avascular, not found on body surfaces, nervous
what is the main exception to the common features of connective tissue?
cartilage
What is the glycoprotein that surrounds the protein fibre elastic?
fibrillin
what number chromosome is responsible for producing an altered form of fibrillin
15
how does the altered form of fibrillin cause growth defects?
cannot bind to tGFB (transforming growth factor beta), so tGFB roams and causes growth in limbs
what is the function of glycosaminoglycans in ground substance
trap water to make the GS more jelly like
name the three types of loose connective tissue
areolar, reticular, adipose
what are the defining features of collagen fibre
strong and thick
what are the defining features of reticular fibres
thin branching collagen coated with glycoproteins that form part of the basement membranes
what are the defining features of elastic fibres
thin fibrous network of elastin covered with glycoprotein fibrillin
what is the function of a mast cell
produces histamine which dilates vessels
where can areolar tissue be found
in the subcutaneous layer beneath the skin
describe the features of adipose connective tissue
adipose is for insulation, an energy source and thermoregulation.
name the three kinds of dense CT
regular, irregular, elastic
what is supporting connective tissue?
cartilage
What is cartilage
network of collagen and elastic fibres that are relatively weak and flexible
what is the main type of cartilage
hyaline cartilage
what are the two other kinds of cartilage
fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage
what are the two kinds of osseous tissue
compact or spongy
what are the main components of an osteon
lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi, central haversian canal
what are formed elements
Erythrocytes, platelets, granular and agranular leukocytes
what is the defining structural feature of a muscle cell
elongated
how can skeletal muscle tissue be identifuied
multinucleate, cylindrical cells with nucleus’ pushed to the side
what are some cells found in the connective tissue?
fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, white blood cells (leucocytes)
where can dense regular CT commonly be found
tendons (collagen for attachment)
what is the lamellae in an osteon
hard rings of mineral salts
what are the three types of muscle tissue
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
what kind of muscle tissue is not striated
smooth
what muscle tissue is under voluntary control
skeletal
what is the cytoplasm of a myofibril called
sarcoplasm
what are platelets
fragments from megakaryocytes in the red marrow that prevent blood clotting
what is the suffix that granular leukocytes are identified by
-phil
what is the suffix that agranular leukocytes can be identified by, and what are some examples
-cyte, monocytes, lymphocytes
what are the two types of myofilaments
thin actin and thick myosin
do myofilaments extend the length of the muscle fibre?
no, they are sectioned into sarcomeres
what separates sarcomeres?
Z discs
what are the connective tissue components of skeletal muscle
epimysium, perimysium (fascicles), endomysium
how can cardiac muscle be identified
fibres joined by intercalated discs
what two junctions do intercalated discs contain
gap junctions (connexons) and desmosomes (keratin and cadherin)
does cardiac muscle contain actin and myosin filaments
yes
where can smooth muscle be located
walls of hollow internal structures
what is the shape of a smooth muscle cell
thin and spindle shaped
does smooth muscle contain actin and myosin filaments
yes
what is the z disc equivalent in smooth muscle
a dense body
what is the main protein in a dense body
actinin
what are the two types of nervous tissue cells
neurons and neuroglia
what are some functions of neuroglia
repair and phagocytosis
what are the four kinds of CNS neuroglia
astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal
what shape are astrocytes
star shaped
what are the functions of astrocytes
repair and support
what is the function of an oligodendrocyte
forms myelin sheath around CNS axons, can do more than one axon
what is the function of CNS microglia
phagocytosis
what is the function of ependymal cells in the CNS
produce cerebro spinal fluid
what are the two types of PNS neuroglia
schwann cells and satellite cells
what is the function of a schwann cell
form the myelin sheath around one PNS axon only
what is the CNS neuroglia equivalent of satellite cells
astrocytes
what is the function of lymph nodes
monitor the composition of lymph
what does the thyroid gland control
metabolic rate
what is the condition associated with too much Growth hormone as a child
gigantism
what is the condition associated with too much growth hormone as an adult
acromegaly
what does the cytoskeleton consist of
microfilaments e.g. actin, intermediate filaments eg keratin
what are the two proteins involved in tight junctions
claudins and occludin
what spans the gap of a adherens junction
cadherin
what links cadherin to actin in an adherens junction
catenin
what cytoskeletal intermediate filament is present in desmosome junctions
keratin
is cadherin present in desmosomes
yes
how many connexins form a connexon or a hemichannel
6
how many hemichannels form a gap junction
2
what junction connects the basement membrane to the epithelia
hemidesmosome
what is the binding protein in a hemidesmosome
integrin
what is the catenin equivalent in a hemidesmosome
laminin
what are the two parts of the basement membrane
basal lamina and reticular lamina
where does the basal lamina of the basement membrane get secreted
epithelial cells
where does the reticular lamina of the basement membrane get secreted
fibroblasts in the connective tissue
does epithelia contain nerves and blood vessels?
nerves but no blood vessels (avascular)
what is the spread of malignant melanoma called
metastasis
what are the two main types of epithelial tissue
glandular and covering/lining
what is the function of glandular epithelia
forms the secretory function of glands
what are the two types of glands
exocrine and endocrine
which gland secretes onto external surfaces/into ducts
exocrine
where can transitional epithelia be found
bladder
what types of epithelium can be ciliated and non-ciliated
simple columnar and pseudo stratified columnar
what type of epithelium can be keratinised and non keratinised
stratified squamous
which gland subtype secretes directly into the blood
endocrine