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Quality methods > Block 2 > Flashcards

Block 2 Flashcards

1
Q

attribute data?

A

discrete integers, a quantity

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2
Q

types of data collection?

A
  • direct observations (needed for quality calcs)

- questions (market research)

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3
Q

Types of data?

A

-attribute data

variable data

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4
Q

Variable data?

A

continuous values

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5
Q

precision?

A

how reproducible a value is

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6
Q

accuracy?

A

how close to the true value it is

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7
Q

ways to describe data?

A
  • frequency distribution
  • measures of central tendency
  • measures of dispersion
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8
Q

Ways to sort data?

A
  • categorically (eg.blood type)

- grouped (eg. 1

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9
Q

relative frequency?

A

Out of 1, the proportion of the data in the specific group/value

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10
Q

types of histogram?

A
  • frequency histogram
  • relative frequency histogram
  • cumulative frequency histogram
  • relative cumulative frequency histogram
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11
Q

determining class width?

A

range/number of classes

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12
Q

determining the number of cells in a histogram?

A

<100 →5-9 cells
100-500 → 8-17 cells
>500 → 15-20 cells

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13
Q

Graphs for distribution?

A
  • histogram
  • bar graph
  • polygon of data
  • cumulative frequency distribution
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14
Q

distribution graph with mean closer to the left?

A

skewed right / positively skewed (more values right of the mean)

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15
Q

two peaks?

A

bimodal

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16
Q

high peak/kurtosis?

A

leptokurtic

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17
Q

low peak/kurtosis?

A

Platykurtic

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18
Q

negative kurtosis?

A

flatter than a normal distribution with same mean and standard deviation

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19
Q

aspects of a distribution?

A
  • location (mean)
  • spread
  • shape (skew)
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20
Q

3 measures of central tendency?

A
  • Average
  • Median
  • Mode
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21
Q

average of ungrouped data?

A

The mean

22
Q

average of grouped data?

A

sum of (frequency*midpoint) / total frequency

23
Q

average with different sized groups?

A 
weighted average
sum of (frequency*average of each group) / total frequency
24
Q

Finding the median value for grouped data

A
  • half the range
  • count up to find the group
  • find how many values intro the group it is
  • divide by the group frequency and multiply by the group interval
25
Q

Mode?

A

peak

can have many or none

26
Q

Measures of dispersion?

A
  • range
  • standard variation
  • variance
27
Q

Range?

A

difference between max and min in the dataset

28
Q

Standard deviation?

A

sum of differences between value (Xi) and average (Xbar) squared, divided by number of values (n) -1, square rooted

29
Q

Problems with range?

A

less accurate with more observed values, more likely to get an outlier

30
Q

When to use standard deviation?

A

went n>10

otherwise, use range

31
Q

Measures of distribution shape?

A
  • skewness
  • Kurtosis
  • Coefficient of Variation
32
Q

Skewness?

A

a3=0 →symmetrical
a3>0 skewed to the right
a3<0 skewed to the left
+1 or -1 is big

33
Q

How to determine if a skewness value is reliable?

A

n>100

needs to be unimodal

34
Q

What does Kurtosis value (a4) mean?

A

a4=3 → normal distribution
a4>3 → more peaked
a4<3 → less peaked

35
Q

Correlation variation / Coefficient of Variation

A 
standard deviation (s) *100%/average (Xbar)
units for s and the mean cancel, thus the units are %
36
Q

Coefficient of Variation vs standard variation?

A

relative to the mean - more relevant

37
Q

population?

A

set of items of interest

38
Q

Sample?

A

subset of a population

39
Q

sample statistics?

A
  • Average (Xbar)

- Sample standard deviation (s)

40
Q

population parameter?

A
  • Mean (Xbar0 or lowercase mu)

- Standard deviation (So or lowercase sigma

41
Q

statistic vs parameter?

A

statistic for a sample

parameter for a population

42
Q

average and standard distribution of standard normal curve?

A 
average (mu) = 0
standard distribution (sigma) = 1
43
Q

finding the percentage above/below a value on a normal curve?

A

transfer to standard normal distribution then use the tables

44
Q

How check for a normal distribution?

A
  • visual inspection of a histogram (unimodal, symmetrical, tapering tails)
  • skewness = 0
  • Kurtosis = 3
45
Q

Probability plots?

A
  • order values small to large (and rank from 1 for smallest)
  • use plotting position equation to find percentile
  • plot measured value over percentile and draw line of best fit
46
Q

Chi-square goodness of fit?

A

-compares observed value to expected value

47
Q

Tests for normality?

A
  • probability plots

- chi-square goodness of fit

48
Q

simplest way to find a cause and effect relationship?

A

scatter diagram

49
Q

drawing a “straight line fit” mathmatically?

A

use equations for find gradient (m) and y intercept (a)

50
Q

coefficient of correlation?

A 
goodness of fit to a line of best bit.
between -1&amp;1
1=all points on +gradient line
-1=all points on -gradient line
0=no correlation

Quality methods (18 decks)

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