Block 2 Flashcards
Are the meatuses superior or inferior to their corresponding conchae?
Inferior
What is the posterior aperture of the nasal cavity?
Choanae
The auditory tube opens into the nasopharynx at the level of which meatus?
Inferior
Where is the spheno-ethmoidal recess located?
Between the superior conchae and roof of nasal cavity
Which sinuses drain into the middle meatus?
Frontal, ethmoidal and maxillary
Boundary of the laryngopharynx?
Epiglottis to cricoid cartilage
What level is the pharyngo-oesophageal junction?
C6
Where are the pharyngeal tonsils located?
Roof and posterior wall of nasopharynx
Where are the palatine tonsils located?
In the tonsillar fossae in between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds
What is the laryngeal inlet?
The opening of the larynx from the laryngopharynx. Piriform fossae lies lateral to it
Name the 3 unpaired cartilages of the larynx
Thyroid
Cricoid
Epiglottis
Rima glottidis?
Space between 2 vocal folds
Vocal folds are located inferior to vestibular folds
What happens to rima glottidis during phonation?
Closes due to adduction of arytenoid cartilages/vocal folds
Location of thyrohyoid membrane?
Between hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage
Innervation of thyroid cartilage?
Superior laryngeal nerve
What type of cartilage is in the trachea?
Hyaline
What level is the tracheal bifurcation?
T4/5
Innervation of trachea?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
What is the potential space called between the visceral and parietal pleura called?
Pleural cavity
The parietal pleura lines the thoracic cage and what else?
Diaphragm
Innervation of parietal pleura?
Phrenic and intercostal nerves
Autonomic innervation of visceral pleura?
Pulmonary plexus
How many lobes in left lung?
2 - superior and inferior
Right lung has 3 lobes - superior, middle and inferior
What is the space for the heart called in the left lung?
Cardiac notch
Name the fissure that separates the superior and middle lobes in the right lung
Horizontal/transverse fissure
Name the fissure that separates the middle and inferior lobes of the right lung
Oblique
Oblique fissure also separates the superior and inferior lobes of left lung
Which lung has the aortic impression?
Left
Where does the pulmonary artery lie in relation to the principle bronchus in the right lung?
Anterior
Right anterior, left superior
Pulmonary artery lies superior to bronchus in left lung
Pulmonary arteries are inferior
At what level is the mediastinum separates into superior and inferior parts?
T4/5
Separated by the transverse plane between the sternal angle and the intervertebral disc at T4/5
Describe the divisions of the inferior mediastinum
Anterior - sternum and costal cartilage to pericardium
Middle - pericardium
Posterior pericardium to thoracic vertebra T5-T12
Does the phrenic nerve pass anterior or posterior to the hilum of the lung?
Anterior
Vagus nerve passes posterior
Name the branches of the aortic arch
Brachiocephalic artery
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
Name the branches of the superior vena cava
Right brachiocephalic vein
Left brachiocephalic vein
Describe the location of the subcarinal (tracheobronchial) lymph nodes
Surrounding the bifurcation of the trachea
Describe the location of the thoracic duct
Posterior to oesophagus
Between the descending thoracic aorta and azygos vein
What level is the caval hiatus?
T8
Contains the IVC
What level is the oesophageal hiatus?
T10
Contains the oesophagus and anterior and posterior vagal trunks
What level is the aortic hiatus?
T12
Contains the aorta, thoracic duct and azygos vein
Innervation of diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve (C3, C4, C5)
Why is the 1st rib at typical?
Flatter and wider
Only 1 articulating surface with vertebrae (normally 2)
What is the joint called between the ribs and costal cartilage?
Costochondral joint
What is the joint called between the costal cartilage and sternum?
Sternocostal joint
Why is quiet expiration considered passive?
Only uses diaphragm
Elastic recoil of ribs
Describe the movement of the ribs during inspiration
Up and out
Superior and anterior movement of sternum
Elevation of lateral shaft of ribs
Describe the movement of the ribs in expiration
In and down
Name an accessory muscle of inspiration
Serratus anterior
Name an accessory muscle of expiration
Rectus abdominis
What are the 2 floating ribs and why are they called that?
Ribs 11 & 12
They don’t articulate with the sternum
Describe the fibre orientation of external intercostal muscles
Inferoanteriorly
Describe the orientation of internal intercostal muscle fibres
Inferoposteriorly
Borders of the heart?
Right, inferior, apex, left, superior
Surfaces of the heart?
Sternocostal, diaphragmatic, posterior (base)
What vessel does the atrioventricular groove (coronary sinus) contain?
Right coronary artery
Name the branches of the ascending aorta
Right and left coronary arteries
What is the crista terminalis?
Separates the rough (musculi pectinati) and smooth portions of the right atrium
The right atrium contains the coronary sinus, what is its function?
To drain deoxygenate blood from coronary circulation into the right atrium
Name the oval depression in the interatrial septum of the right atrium
Fossa ovalis
Which atrioventricular value is located in the right ventricle?
Tricuspid
What are the chords and muscles in the right ventricle that contract to close the tricuspid valve called?
Chorda tendineae
Papillary muscles
The value opens due to increased pressure
What are the rough and smooth portions of the right ventricle called?
Rough - trabeculae carnae
Smooth - infundibulum (outflow tract)
What is the name of the atrioventricular valve in the left side of the heart?
Bicuspid/mitral
Chorda tendineae and papillary muscles contract to close valve
Which vessels do arise from the aortic sinus?
Anterior aortic sinus - right coronary artery
Left posterior aortic sinus - left coronary artery
Name the branches of the right coronary artery
Right marginal artery
Posterior interventricular artery
Name the branches of the left coronary artery
Left anterior descending (LAD)
Left marginal artery
Left circumflex artery
Level of abdominal aorta bifurcation?
L4
Level of anastomosis of right and left common iliac veins?
L5
Where does azygos vein drain into?
Superior vena cava
Superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric and splenic veins drain into…
Hepatic portal vein to the liver
Landmark of posterior tibial artery?
Behind medial malleolus
Where is the carotid sinus located?
Internal carotid artery
Level of common carotid artery bifurcation?
C4
Is the cephalic vein medial or lateral?
Lateral (thumb)
Basilic vein is medial
Is the great saphenous vein medial or lateral?
Medial
Lesser saphenous is lateral
