Block 14 Flashcards
Nucleus vs nucleolus
-Nucleus contains euchromatin(electron lucent), and heterochromatin (electron dense- typically around periphery of nucleus).
- nucleolus: dense structure, in direct contact with the rest of nucleoplasm, with no interveening membrane.
contain ribosomal proteins that are translated in the cytoplasm from mRNA. Its primary function is synthesis and assembly of immature 60S and 40S ribosomal subunits that are exported from the nucleus to fully mature in the cytoplasm.
Annular pancreas is a result of which embryological defect
Abnormal migration of the ventral pancreatic bud.
The dorsal and ventral are fused, but the ventral bud is constricting the dudenum
Pancreatic ventral and dorsal bed gives rise to
Ventral= uncinate process and main pancreatic duct Dorsal= tail, body, and the remainder of head.
Pancreas divisum
Usually assymptomatic , its a failure of ventral and dorsal parts of pancreas to fuese
Increase risk of acute and chronic pancreatitis.
Rotator cuff muscles
SITS
- Supraspinatus:–> abduction (30˙)
- Infraspinatus–> external rotation
- Teres minor –> adduction and external rotation
- Subscapularis –> Adduction and internal rotation
Cornybacterium diphteriae aquires virulance
A bactriophage mediated infection with Tox gene, which codes for AB diphteria exotoxin . The bacteriophage responsible is called cornyphage beta.
NNRTI’s
Mechanism
Example
-prevent synthesis if viral DNA form RNA template (nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor) dont require activation via intacellular phophorylation .
The most common are Nevirapine and efavirenz.
Adverse effect of NNRTI
1, rash, SJS
2. Hepatotoxicity
3. Neurophycatric effect
E.g (efavirenz and nevirapine)
Pioglitazone
Anti diabetic (thiazolidinediones) - it acts on intracellular nuclear receptos, activates the transcription of regulator PPAR-¥ --> increase FA uptake, increased adiponectin production, increase insulin sensetivity (mainely due to increase adiponectin ) and decreased leptin and TNF-å production AE: fluid retention and weight gain
GABA-A receptor
Inotropic receptor ( part of an ion channel) the regulates the flow of negatively charged cholride ion across the neuronal cell membrane.
- drug that activates GABA-A will increase the conductance of Cl- ions, causing passive transport down the concentration gradient into the cell interior.
- this cause membrane to become hyper-polarized –> -75 mV (refractory action potential)
Bitemporal hemianopsia and hypogonadism : –> usually indicates
Along with increased prolactin, prolactinoma (low GnRh -> low LH–> low testosterone/estrogen
HPV associated with which type of malignancy
- Cervix
- Vulva
- Penis
- Anus
HIV and HPV correlation
- AIDS increase host susceptibiliy to HPV infection and more severe infections
- HIV positive men who have sex with men are at increased risk of developing anal squamous cell carcinoma, and HIV positive women are more prone to developing cervical SCC.
Changes in the oxygen content ,PaO2, PaCO2 CO poisoning Cyanide Anemia Polycythemia High altitude
- the total oxygen in the body is determined primarily by the amount of hemoglobin in the blood and its percentage of O2 saturation.
1. CO poisoning= PaO2 normal, SaO2 decreased, and decreased O2 content
2. Cyanide = all normal
3. Anemia=normal PaO2 and SaO2 and decreased O2 content
4. Polycythemia= normal PaO2 and SaO2 with increased O2 content
5. High altitude= all are decreased .
Acute hepatitis A infection
Clinical
Biopsy findings
Clinical: prodrome of fever,malaise,anorexia,nausea/vomiting, and right upper quadrant abdominal pain. After several days, signs of cholestasis such as jaundice, pruritus, dark-colored urine and alcoholic stools.
- biopsy shows: spooty necrosis with balloning degeneration, councilman bodies and mononuclear cell infiltrates.
Polyuria and polydipsia (water deprivation test, and sodium levels ) DD
- Normal = sodium normal, urine osmolarity after water deprivation test is increased and urine osmolailty with vasopressin shows no additional increase.
- Central DI= high sodium, no change after water restriction, and large increase after vasopressin injection
- Nephrogenic DI = same as central with mild increase only after vasopressin
- Primary polydipsia = low sodium, increase osmolarity after water deprivation and no additional increase after vasopressin.
Primary polydypsia
Psychological disorder characterized by pathological water drinking and is most common in middle aged women and patient with underlying psychiatric disease.
Treated with “water restriction”
Turner syndrome features
Organs
Skin
Genital tract
- Coarctation of aorta
- Bicuspid aortic valve
- Streak ovaries, amenorrhea
4, horseshoe kidney
5, cubitus valgus - Broad chest with widely spaced nipples
- Webbed neck
- Short stature
- Cystic hygroma
Polyglonal cells with abundant clear cytoplasm (tumor)
RCC - can metastasize to the lung
Most common type of clear cell carcinoma
Classic triad is hematuria ,flank pain ,adn palpable abdominal mass.
Dyenin arms defeciency results in
Kartegner syndrome
Kartegner symptoms signs and symptoms
AR, disorder.
It results from failure of dynein arms to develop normally.1
- dextocardia( auscultation shows the maximal point of auscultation to be in the right intercostal space (not left) )
-recurrent respiratory infection along with recurrent sinusitis and otitis media.
-infertility in men , ectopic pregnancy in women
Immunuglobulin gene rearrangment is impaired in
hyper IgM syndrome.
(Unilateral)Vesicular rash =
VZV,
After a while patient may develop postherpetic neuralgia
Lac opero, in E.coli lactose fermentation
Consists of regulatory gene, promoter region, and operator region, and 3 structual genes (z,y,a).
The Z gene codes for ß-galactosidase which is primarily responsible for hydrolysis of lactose to glucose and galactose, the y gene codes for permease, –> increase permabilty to cell to lactose.
