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Physiology Charter > Block 1 > Flashcards

Block 1 Flashcards

1
Q

pH (ECF)

A

7.4

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2
Q

pH (ICF)

A

7.1

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3
Q

Steady State

A

requires energy for maintenance, homeostasis

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4
Q

Equilibrium

A

no energy transfer

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5
Q

Feed-Forward Control

A

Body anticipates a change (start line of a race, salivation when smelling food)

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6
Q

Set Point Deviations

A

Circadian rhythm, environmental changes, fever, aging

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7
Q

Hypotonic

A

Cells expand and may burst with water gain

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8
Q

Hypertonic

A

Cells shrink due to water loss

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9
Q

Dehydration

A

Water loss from plasma leads to water loss from interstitial compartment which leads to water loss from cells and hence cellular shrinking

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10
Q

Diffusion

A

Down concentration gradient

  1. Direct diffusion: directly through membrane
  2. Channel-Mediated Transport: pores
  3. Facilitated Diffusion: conformational change (ion channels and carrier proteins)
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11
Q

Active Transport

A

Energy source needed to move solute AGAINST its concentration gradient

  1. Primary: Na/K pump, carrier mediated
  2. Secondary: glucose, carrier mediated
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12
Q

Endocytosis

A

Engulf part of the extracellular fluid, pinch off and internalize those vesicles into the cell

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13
Q

Exocytosis

A

Intracellular membrane-bound vesicle within the cell moves to the plasma membrane, fuses with it, and releases contents into extracellular fluid

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14
Q

Depolarization

A

cells whose membrane charges following the influx of Na+ into the cell, more positive Vm

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15
Q

What are the 3 components of homeostatic regulation mechanism?

A

Receptor, regulatory center, effector

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16
Q

Excitability

A

tissue that is capable of generating and responding to an electrical signal

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17
Q

Adequate stimulus

A

an act applied to a living thing that is strong enough to evoke a response

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18
Q

Responce

A

the reaction of an organism once adequate stimulus has been applied

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19
Q

Resting potential

A

the phase in which there are more K+ gates open than Na+ in the membrane

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20
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

also called the undershoot, where the membrane potential moves towards the K equilibrium

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21
Q

Repolarization

A

the process of recovering a normal membrane voltage

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22
Q

Negative Feedback Mechanism

A

signals sent through a loop system aimed at reversing a change in a controlled environment

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23
Q

Positive Feedback Mechanism

A

a feed back loop in which the response re enforces the stimulus, triggering an amplified response

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24
Q

Osmolarity

A

the number of osmotically active particles per VOLUME of water
290
(275-295)

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25
Q

Osmolality

A

the number of osmotically active particles per WEIGHT of water

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26
Q

Tonicity

A

PRESSURE caused by the osmotic gradient across cell membrane, only non penetrating molecules

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27
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

pressure required to prevent water movement across a semi-permeable membrane

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28
Q

Resting State

A

activation gate closed and inactivation gate open, minimal flux of Na

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29
Q

Membrane Potential

A

the potential difference between the inside and outside of the cell

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30
Q

Equilibrium Potential

A

the potential at which there is no flux of a given ion

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31
Q

Summation

A

mult. signals arriving at the trigger zone are (summed)

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32
Q

Temporal summation

A

Graded potential (sum together)

  • change in frequency of stimulation (time)
  • single neuron fires many times
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33
Q

Spatial Summation

A

Graded potential

-mult. inputs at different locations on neuron (space)

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34
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A 
Autoimmune disorder
-anti bodies block nicotinic receptors
-weakness, droopy eye, double vision
-Anticholinesterase drugs: neostigmine
allows ACh to remain at the NMJ
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35
Q

Inotropism

A

Ability of myocardial cells to change the strength of contraction
-heart exposed to an inotrope can potentially generate more isotonic force and move a greater load faster and farther

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36
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

vasculature, respiratory, gut

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37
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Motor planning and commands, impulse control, working memory, judgement

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38
Q

Parietal lobe

A

reception and perception of sensory information

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39
Q

Temporal lobe

A

auditory, memory

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40
Q

Occipital lobe

A

visual processing

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41
Q

limbic lobe

A

emotions, memory

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42
Q

Insular lobe

A

gustatory sense (taste)

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43
Q

Limbic System

A

Grey matter in brain

  1. cingulate gyrus: emotion
  2. Thalamus
  3. hippocampus: learning and memory
  4. amygdala: emotion and memory
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44
Q

Association Tracts

A

conduct nerve imposes between gyri in the same hemisphere

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45
Q

Commissural Tracts

A

conduct nerve impulses from gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to corresponding gyri in other hemisphere

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46
Q

Projection Tracts

A

conduct nerve impulses from the cerebrum to lower parts of the CNS or vice versa

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47
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid produced?

A

Choroid plexus

ependymal cells, Pia mater, fenestrated capillaries

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48
Q

Flow of CSF

A

lateral ventricles —>third ventricles–>4th ventricle—>subarachnoid space—> intracranial sinuses –> blood stream

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49
Q

Functions of CSF

A

Shock absorber, provides nutrients and removes toxic waste, diagnostic tool

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50
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A

tight endothelial cell junctions, induced by paracrine signals from astrocytes feet

  • functional barrier made up of capillaries between interstitial fluid
  • no BBB: hypothalamus, vomiting center
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51
Q

Functions of BBB

A

maintains a constant environment and protects brain from toxins, prevents the escape of neurotransmitters from the CNS to the general circulation

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52
Q

Diencephalon

A
  1. Thalamus: relays and modulates sensory information traveling to the cortex and integrates motor information traveling from basal ganglia and cerebellum to cortex
  2. Hypothalamus: homeostasis and the endocrine system
  3. Pituitary Gland: endocrine/neuroendocrine gland
  4. Pineal Gland: secretes melatonin
53
Q

Brain Stem

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

-regulates: HR, breathing, consciousness

54
Q

Cerebellum

A

Movement, memory of skills and movements, coordination, and speech

55
Q

Blood supply to the brain

A

Internal Carotid artery and subclavian artery

56
Q

Meninges

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia Mater

57
Q

Cervical spinal nerves

A

8

58
Q

Thoracic spinal nerves

A

12

59
Q

lumbar spinal nerves

A

5

60
Q

sacral spinal nerves

A

5

61
Q

coccygeal

A

1

62
Q

Good supply to the spinal cord

A

Anterior longitudinal artery and 2 posterior longitudinal arteries (branch of the subclavian)

63
Q

Sensory neurons

A

from the receptors to CNS

64
Q

Motor neurons

A

from the CNA or ganglia to effector cells

65
Q

Interneurons

A

communicating and integrating network

66
Q

Oligodendrocytes CNS

A

forms and maintains the myelin sheaths of multiple axons

67
Q

Astrocytes CNS

A

strengthens and support neuronal tissue, forms the BBB, homeostatic environment

68
Q

Microglia CNS

A

phagocytic

69
Q

Ependymal cells CNS

A

produce and secrete CSF

70
Q

Schwann cells PNS

A

myelinated 1 portion of an axon

71
Q

Satellite cells PNS

A

structural support

72
Q

Adequate stimulus

A

respond to a particular form of energy

73
Q

transduction

A

covert stimuli into electrical signals

74
Q

convergence

A

decreases 2 point discrimination

75
Q

Pacinian Corpuscle

touch receptors of the skin

A
  • lies deep in the dermis
  • responds to VIBRATION
  • large receptive field
  • rapidly adapting
76
Q

Ruffini’s endings

touch receptors of the skin

A
  • Slightly smaller than PC
  • deep in dermis
  • responds to skin stretch
  • large receptive fields
  • slow adapting
77
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscle

touch receptors of the skin

A
  • located on the ridges of glabrous skin (ridges of fingerprints)
  • responds to flutter, stroking
  • small receptive field
  • rapidly adapting
78
Q

Merkel’s Disc

touch receptors of the skin

A

-located on superficial layers of the skin
responds to steady pressure and texture
-small receptive field
-slow adapting

79
Q

Free Nerve Endings

A
  • located around hair roots and under skin surface
  • responds to various stimuli
  • variable adaptation
80
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Voluntary control (joints, skin, striated muscle)

81
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Involuntary to/from smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

82
Q

Sensory

A

brings info from world to CNS

83
Q

Motor

A

sends info from the CNS to the world

84
Q

Dorsal Columns Medial Lemniscus Tract

A

Cross over at the Medulla
-Touch Receptors
Thalamus–> Parietal lobe –> post-central gyrus –> Brodmann areas 1, 2, 3a, 3b (primary somatosensory cortex)

85
Q

Cortical Map Plasticity

A

Dynamic and adjust depending on the amount of sensory experience

86
Q

Nociceptors

A

Located in the meninges not brain!

-activated by stimuli that have the potential to cause tissue damage

87
Q

AB

Sensory nerve fiber

A

Mechanoreceptors of skin (very myelinated)

88
Q

AS

Sensory nerve fiber

A

Sense cold, fast pain, myelinated

89
Q

C

Sensory nerve fiber

A

Slow pain, heat and cold, itch, unmyelinated

90
Q

How do pain signals get to the brain?

A

Antero-lateral system or spinothalamic tract

-cross over spinal cord? (immediate)

91
Q

The Gate-Control Theory of Pain

A

Tonically active inhibitory interneurons suppress pain pathway
-with strong pain the C fiber stops inhibitions of the pathway allowing a strong signal to be sent

92
Q

Prostaglandins

A

inflammatory mediators- use the COX pathway and inhibit COX pathway of pain
-NSAIDS

93
Q

Opioid

A

Endorphins, enkephalins

-heroine, morphine

94
Q

Taste Cells

A

-taste pore
-trigger AP
Tongue–> brainstem–>thalamus–> gustatory cortex

95
Q

Olfactory

A

No thalamus

96
Q

Sound Transduction

A

Displacement of the cilia in one direction increases the tension on the tip link and increased the influx of potassium, K+ causes depolarization and entry of calcium which causes the neurotransmitter to be released

97
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsightedness (up close is blurry)

-Treat w/ convex lens

98
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness (far away blurry)

-Treat w/ concave lens

99
Q

Cones

A

Function under photooptic conditions

-Color

100
Q

Rods

A

Function under scotopic conditions

-night, black and white

101
Q

Accommodation

Eye

A

Changing the shape of the lens

-Ciliary Muscles: Contracted=lens becomes more round, Relaxed=flatten the lens

102
Q

Presbyopia

A

loss of eyes ability to focus

103
Q

Fovea

A

Does not have the laminar layer (it is a pit and neurons are pushed off to the side) and light goes in, most acute vision

104
Q

Optic Disc

A

Where the optic nerve and blood vessels leave the eye has no photoreceptors “blind spot”

105
Q

Retina

A

Has laminar organization

106
Q

The order in which sound travels through the auditory system?

A

external auditory meatus, tympanic membrane, ossicles, oval window, scala vestibuli, scala tympani, round window

107
Q

Lesions of the speech center in frontal lobe results in

A

failure of coordination of speech muscles

108
Q

Troponin T (tropomyosin)

A

attaches troponin complex to tropomyosin

109
Q

Troponin I

A

Inhibition, positions tropomyosin over myosin binding site on actin

110
Q

Troponin C

A

Ca+2 binds and tropomyosin is moved to initiate contraction

111
Q

A band

A

remains constant, all myosin and some actin

112
Q

H and I band

A

decrease with contraction

113
Q

Z band

A

drawn closer to the ends of the A band with contraction

114
Q

Calmodulin

A

Instead of troponin C (smooth muscle only)

115
Q

Brown Sequard Syndrome

A

Ipsilateral motor deficit

Contralateral loss of pain and temp

116
Q

Rapid depolarization

A

upstroke

117
Q

Anterior Corticospinal tract

A

skeletal muscles of the trunk and parts of the limbs

118
Q

smooth muscle differs from skeletal muscle

A

different source of calcium

119
Q

approximate extracellular fluid volumeof a normal individual

A

20% of body mass

120
Q

G-protein coupled tastants

A

bitter, sweet, umami

121
Q

Block ion channel tastants

A

sour

122
Q

Pass through ion channels tastants

A

salt and sour

123
Q

IPSP

A

Gaba and Cl

124
Q

EPSP

A

Glutamate and Na

125
Q

A particular taste can be identified by the pattern of activation of multiple different neurons. Which term best describes this phenomenon?

A

Population coding

126
Q

Why is the resting membrane potential -70?

A

Conductance of K+ is much greater than that of Na+

127
Q

Upper motor neuron injury

A

positive babinski

128
Q

Golgi Tendon

A

discriminates weight when we are lifting

Physiology Charter (5 decks)

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