Block 1 Flashcards
Phreno-
Diaphragm
Epiploic-
Omentum
Capitus-
Head
Brachio-
Arm
Cleido-
Clavicle
Omo-
Shoulder
Latissimus-
Broad
Rectus-
Straight
Mid sagittal plane that divides the head and body into equal halves.
Median plane
Plane that divides the head, body or limb into unequal left and right
Para-sagittal plane
Plane that is cut perpendicular to the long axis of the body
Transverse Plane
What plane divides the body segment into rostral/caudal, cranial/caudal, proximal/distal
Transverse plane
What plane divides the body or head into dorsal and ventral portions?
Dorsal plane
The supraspinatus is _______ to the infraspinatus
cranial
The long head of the triceps is _______ to the triceps accessory head
caudal
The latissimus dorsi is ______ to the deep pectoral.
Dorsal
Os penis and ossa cordis are part of what skeleton?
Visceral
What makes up the axial skeleton?
Skull, mandible, hyoid apparatus, vertebral column, ribs, sternum
What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
Thoracic and pelvic limbs
Pes refers to what?
Hind paw
Manos refers to what?
Front paw
Heterotopic
Occurring at an abnormal place
Splanchnic
Pertaining to the viscera
If a movement of a joint causes decrease of the angle of that joint it is causing what?
Flexion
This movement occurs when two ends of any jointed part are drawn away from each other.
Extension
Movement when the members of a limb go into a straight condition
Extension
Movement of a joint causing an increase in the angle joint
Extension
Lateral rotation of the limbs causing the palmar or plantar surface to face medially
Supination
Medial rotation of the limb causing the palmar or plantar surface to face laterally
Pronation
List the 6 functions of bone
Support weight
Protect organs
Act as levers
Storage of minerals
Storage of fats
Blood cell formation
What bone cells make bone?
Osteoblasts
What bone cells break down bone?
Osteoclasts
Growth plates are also referred to as what?
Epiphyseal plate or physis
What term refers to the end regions of bones?
Epiphysis
Where does growth occur in bones?
Metaphysis
What is the weak point of the bone?
Metaphysis
What contains yellow marrow?
Diaphysis
What reduces weight of bone?
Yellow marrow
The shaft of the bone
Diaphysis
What is the main function of sesamoid bones?
To decrease friction of tendons
When bone gets modeled in response to stress placed on it
Wolff’s Law
What structure occurs where bone is mechanically loaded?
Prominence
Tuberosities and grooves are examples of articular or non-articular?
Non-articular
The head and condyles are examples of articular or non-articular?
Articular
Spherical
Condyle
Spool or pulley
Trochlea
Foramen, meatus, orifice, ostium, and stoma are all words for what?
Hole, or natural opening/passage
Caudal aspect of the skull
Occipital bone
Caudolateral wall of the skull
Temporal bone
Roof of the skull
Parietal bone
Rostral roof of the skull
Frontal bone
Floor of the skull
Sphenoid bone
(note in the photo- the zygomatic arch is removed)
Lateral part of the face, part of the hard palate
Maxillary
Osseous roof of nasal cavity
Nasal
Rostral bone, holding upper incisors
Incisive
Hard palate
Palatine
Cranial part of zygomatic arch
Zygomatic
Medial surface of orbit
Lacrimal
Small, caudal part of nasopharynx
Pterygoid
Forms part of osseous nasal septum
Vomer
Articulates the skull, supports the lower teeth
Mandible
What 6 bones are part of the cranium?
Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, pterygoid
What 6 bones are part of the facial skull?
Lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla, nasal, incisive and palatine.
Caudal process of the occipital bone, attachment site for several muscles
External occipital protuberance
Located in the maxilla bone, infraorbital artery and nerve
Infraorbital foramen
Located in the sphenoid bone, optic nerve (CN II)
Optic canal
What encloses the middle ear cavity?
Tympanic bulla
What articulates with the first cervical vertebrae?
Occipital condyle
Large opening, caudal to the zygomatic arch, covered by tympanic membrane
External Acoustic Meatus
What structure separates the external and middle ear?
External Acoustic Meatus
Horizontal part of mandible, bearing the lower teeth
Body
Vertical portion of mandible, bearing no teeth
Ramus
Structure of the mandible that helps form the TMJ
Condyloid process
(small knob on back of ramus)
Dorsal part of ramus
Coronoid process
(top portion of jaw where it attaches to the skull)
What are the 3 categories of joints?
Fibrous, Cartilaginous and synovial
What type of joints are the sutures of the skull?
Fibrous
Fibrous mobile peg-and-socket joint
Gomphosis
What are the only example of gomphosis joints?
Teeth in sockets
What is the exception of the bone to bone rule of a joint?
Gomphosis joint (teeth in socket)
Semi-movable joints, some restricted motion
Cartilaginous joints
What types of cartilage hold together cartilaginous joints?
Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
Intervertebral discs, pelvic symphysis, and mandibular symphysis are examples of what type of joints?
Cartilaginous joints
True or false
All vertebrae are cartilaginous joints
False - some are synovial
Moveable joints
Synovial joints
Articulating bones are separated by a fluid-filled space called what?
Joint cavity
What are examples of synovial joints?
Joints between bones of limbs (shoulder, elbow, digits), joints between articular processes of vertebrae, joints between ribs and vertebrae
What are defining features of synovial joints?
Articulating bones, joint cavity, fibrous joint capsule
Examples of extracapsular ligaments
Collateral ligament, patellar ligament
Examples of intracapsular ligaments
Cruciate ligament
Fibrocartilage disc located within a synovial cavity, allowing for smoother connection between articulating bones
Meniscus
Spindle-shaped, non-striated unnucleated fibers
Smooth muscle
Striated, branched, uninucleated fibers
Cardiac muscle
Striated, tubular, multinucleated fibers
Skeletal muscle
Most of this kind of muscle cross one or more joints and have actions on the joints
Skeletal muscles
True or false
Muscle contraction causes change in alignment of bones around a joint
True
Muscle origin is also known as what?
Proximal attachment
Muscle insertion is also known as what?
Distal attachement
What is the part of muscle that usually moves the most?
Muscle insertion (distal attachment)
What is the part of the muscle that is usually the part that is more fixed and moves the least?
Muscle origin
Muscles that attach limbs to the axial skeleton
Extrinsic muscles
Muscles that are within the limb
Intrinsic
What is the origin of extensor carpi radialis?
Distal, cranial humerus
What is the insertion for extensor carpi radialis?
Dorsal, metacarpal 2 and 3
What is the action of the extensor carpi radialis?
It extends the carpus
What is the innervation of the extensor carpi radialis?
Radial nerve
What is the origin of the brachiocepalicus?
Caudal skull
What is the insertion of the brachiocephalicus?
Cranial humerus
What is the action of the brachiocephalicus?
It extends the shoulder
What is the innervation of the brachiocephalicus?
Accessory nerve (CN XI)
What is the origin of the gracilis?
Pelvic symphysis
What is the insertion for the gracilis?
Tibia and caudal aspect of tarsal bone
What is the action of the gracilis?
Adducts the limb, extends hip and tarsus, flexes stifle
What is the innervation of the gracilis?
Obturator nerve
What is the origin of the gastrocnemius?
Distal, caudal femur
What is the insertion for the gastrocnemius?
Caudal aspect of tarsal bone
What is the action of the gastrocnemius?
Extends tarsus and flexes the stifle
What is the innervation of the gastrocnemius?
Tibial nerve
What are the extensors of the vertebral column?
Epaxial muscles
What are the flexors of the vertebral column?
Hypaxial muscles
What is the most lateral epaxial muscle? It fixes the vertebral column.
Iliocostalis
What does the iliocostalis cover?
From the ilium to C7
What hypaxial muscle runs from the pubis to the sternum?
Rectus abdominus
What flexes the vertebral column?
Rectus abdominus
Muscle attachment that is a flat, fibrous sheet
Aponeurosis
Muscle attachment that is a fibrous cord-like structure
Tendon
What serves as a wide attachment for muscles to bone or other muscles
Aponeurosis
A seam; line of union betwen the halves of various symmetrical parts
Raphe
Where several cervical muscles attach
Dorsal raphe
Where the aponeuroses of the abdominal wall muscles meet
Linea alba
The linea alba is an example of what kind of muscle attachment?
Raphe
Originates from the muscle, passes over a joint and attaches on the bone
Tendon
What structures have great resistance to mechanical loads?
Tendons
Low metabolic needs, poorly vascularized and do not hemorrhage when cut
Tendons
Tendon of origin is usually what?
A fixed point
Tendon of insertion is usually what?
Point moved by muscle contraction
What structure in the horse hoof has a fibrocartilaginous segment when it glides over the distal sesamoid bone?
Deep digital flexor tendon
Present when one side of the tendon comes in contact with bone
Synovial bursa
Age, body weight, and nutrition are examples of what type of tendinopathy?
Intrinsic factors
Sports injuries, loading, excessive forces, poor training, environmental conditions are all examples of what type of tendinopathy?
Extrinsic
Excessive tension can detach a fragment of bone at the insertion. This is called…
Avulsion
Where is the supraspinous fossa?
Above spine of scapula
What side of the scapula is the spine?
Lateral aspect
Where is the infraspinous fossa of the scapula?
Below the spine of the scapula
Where is the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula?
Towards the bottom, when looking at lateral aspect it is bottom left vs medial aspect bottom right
Where is the acromion of the scapula?
Seen on the lateral, distal aspect of the scapula, small protuberance at bottom of the spine
Where is the glenoid cavity of the scapula?
Socket portion of the scapula where the head of the humerus would sit.
Where is the greater tubercle?
Hint- picture is of left humerus, cranial and caudal views
Proximal cranial lateral aspect of humerus (tip for remembering placement: this is palpable when performing exams)
Where is the head of the humerus?
Top of humerus where it articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula
Where is the lesser tubercle?
Hint- picture is of left humerus, cranial and caudal views
Medial aspect of the proximal humerus
What is the origin for the supraspinatus?
Supraspinous fossa
What is the insertion for the supraspinatus?
Greater tubercle of humerus
What is the action of the supraspinatus?
Extends the shoulder
What is the origin of the teres major muscle?
Caudal border of the scapula
What is the insertion of the Teres major muscle?
Teres major tuberosity
What is the action of the teres major muscle?
Flexion of the shoulder
What 3 joints make up the elbow joint?
Humeroradial, humeroulnar, proximal radioulnar
Where is the lateral styloid process?
Ulna
Where is the medial styloid process found?
Radius
What is the origin of the triceps brachii?
Caudal border of scapula and proximal humerus
What is the insertion of the triceps brachii?
Olecranon of the ulna
What is the action of the triceps brachii?
Extends the elbow, flexes the shoulder
What is the origin of biceps brachii?
Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
What is the insertion of the biceps brachii?
Radial and ulnar, cranial and medial tuberosity
What is the origin of the supinator?
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
What is the insertion of the supinator?
Cranial radius
What is the action of the supinator?
Supinate antebrachium (turn inward)
What is the origin of the pronator teres?
Medial epicondyl of humerus
What is the insertion of the pronator teres?
Cranial and medial aspect of the radius
What is the action of the pronator teres?
Pronate the antebrachium (turn outward)
What are the carpal joints?
Antebrachiocarpal joint, middle carpal joint, Carpometacarpal joint
What joint is between the distal radius/ulna and carpal bones?
Antebrachiocarpal joint
What joint is between the two rows of carpal bones?
Middle carpal joint
What joint is between the distal row of carpal bones and the metacarpals?
Carpometacarpal joint
What is the origin of the flexor carpi ulnaris?
Medial epicondyl of the humerus and olecranon
What is the insertion of the flexor carpi ulnaris?
Accessory carpal bone
What is the action of the flexor carpi ulnaris?
Flex the carpus
What is the origin of the extensor carpi radialis?
Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
What is the insertion of the extensor carpi radialis?
Metacarpal bones II and III
What is the action of the extensor carpi radialis?
Extends the carpus
What is the origin of the rectus femoris?
Pelvis (ilium-cranial to the acetabulum)
What is the origin of the vastus lateralis?
Proximal femur
What is the insertion for the rectus femoris and vastus lateralis?
Tibial tuberosity
What is the action of the rectus femoris and vastus lateralis (quadriceps femoris)?
Flexes the hip, extends the stifle
What is the origin of the semitendinosus muscle?
Pelvis (ischiatic tuberosity)
What is the insertion for the semitendinosus muscle?
Proximal, caudal tibia, calcaneus (tarsal bone)
What is the action of the semitendinosus muscle?
Extends hip, flexes stifle, extends hock
What kind of joint is the stifle joint?
Complex condylar synovial joint
What are the joints of the stifle joint?
Femorotibial, femoropatellar, proximal tibiofibular
Ligament between the patella and the tibial tuberosity?
Patellar ligament
What collateral ligament goes from the femur to the fibula AND tibia?
Lateral collateral ligament
What collateral ligament goes from the femur to the tibia?
Medial collateral ligament
What ligament limits medial (varus) motion of the tibia?
Lateral collateral ligament
What ligament limits the lateral (valgus) motion of the tibia?
Medial collateral ligament
What is the vertebral column formula?
C7 T13 L7 S3
Where is the vertebral body?
What vertebral structure consists of pedicles and laminae?
Vertebral arch
Name the spinous process, transverse process and articular processes
