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A Levels > Blair 1997-2007 > Flashcards

Blair 1997-2007 Flashcards

1
Q

What was the ‘third way’?

A

A compromise between socialism and Thatcherism

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2
Q

How high was Blair’s popularity in late 1997 (according to a Labour party poll)

A

93%

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3
Q

What were the common criticisms of the third way?

A

Didn’t stand for anything - neglected Labour ideals and backed Thatcherite policy just to stay in power

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4
Q

Why did the Blair-Brown relationship deteriorate after 2001?

A

Brown believed that Blair had agreed to step down during his second term

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5
Q

What were the results of the 1997 devolution referendums?

A

Scottish and Welsh assemblies were set up

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6
Q

What did the Freedom of Information Act 2000 do?

A

Allowed people to request information from public bodies

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7
Q

What was Labour’s main education pledge ahead of the 1997 election?

A

Cut class sizes to 30 or under for 5, 6 and 7 year olds

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8
Q

What was Labour’s pledge on tackling crime ahead of the 1997 election?

A

Fast track punishment for persistent young offenders by halving the time from arrest to sentencing

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9
Q

What was Labour’s pledge for the NHS ahead of the 1997 election?

A

Treating an extra 100,000 patients by cutting £100m in red tape savings

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10
Q

What was Labour’s pledge on unemployment ahead of the 1997 election?

A

Get 250,000 under-25 year olds off benefits and into work by using money from a windfall tax on private utilities

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11
Q

What was Labour’s tax policy ahead of the 1997 election?

A

No rise in income tax, cut VAT on heating to 5%

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12
Q

How did Labour fare in terms of meeting their 1997 manifesto pledges?

A

5 main pledges met by 2001

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13
Q

What educational reform did Labour implement beyond 2001?

A

Implementation of academies (specialised schools)

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14
Q

What were Labour’s aims on healthcare and education?

A

Promised more teachers, doctors, nurses as well as more accountability leading to better exam results and shorter waiting times

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15
Q

How did Blair reflect on his reforms in healthcare and education?

A

Was disappointed with how slow they were and believed he should’ve been more radical earlier

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16
Q

How were inflation and unemployment in 1997?

A

In a state of steady growth with relatively low inflation and unemployment

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17
Q

What were Brown’s initial priorities for the economy?

A

Keep inflation low and government spending under control

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18
Q

What was Britain’s average growth rate between 1997-2007 and how did this compare to other world powers?

A

2%, lower than USA (3%) but higher than Germany (1.5%) and Japan (1%)

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19
Q

How did Britain’s 1997-2007 average growth rate compare to its 1992-97 rate?

A

Decreased from 3% 92-97 to 2% 97-07

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20
Q

What was Britain’s average rate of inflation between 1997-2007?

A

1.5%

21
Q

What was Britain’s 1997-2007 average unemployment rate and how did this compare to 1992-97?

A

6% from 1997-2007 compared to 9% from 1992-97

22
Q

What were the key elements of the Good Friday agreement?

A

NI self-determination, power sharing executive, decommissioning of arms

23
Q

What were Labour’s strengths that led to victory in the 2001 and 2005 elections?

A

Blair popularity (less in 2005), good in debate, strong economy, strong electoral machine

24
Q

What Conservative weaknesses led to defeat in the 2001 election?

A

Thatcher undermined Hague’s leadership, Conservative divisions, Hague personal unpopularity

25
Q

What Conservative weaknesses led to defeat in the 2005 election?

A

“Victor Meldrew” grumpy old man manifesto, diluted message when Iain Duncan Smith was replaced by Michael Howard

26
Q

Who were the ‘Mods’ in the Conservative Party?

A

Modernisers - more pragmatic in regard to Europe, ‘compassionate Conservatives’ were more socially liberal

27
Q

Who were the ‘Rockers’ in the Conservative Party?

A

Resistant to change - hardline Eurosceptic and Thatcherite and more socially Conservative

28
Q

What was New Labour’s trade union policy?

A

Didn’t repeal any Conservative anti-union legislation, union membership decreased from 29% to 26%

29
Q

What was New Labour’s privatisation policy?

A

Actually extended Tory privatisations - sold off Air Traffic Control and began discussions on privatising Royal Mail

30
Q

What social laws did New Labour pass?

A

1998 National Minimum Wage, 3-4 yr olds allowed 12.5hr p/w free nursery education, tax credits for those on low incomes

31
Q

How much was child poverty reduced between 1997-2005?

A

25%

32
Q

What % of people in the UK in 2005 believed multiculturalism made Britain a better place?

A

62%

33
Q

What % of people in the UK in 2005 saw multiculturalism as a threat?

A

32%

34
Q

What % of people in the UK in 2007 were white?

A

86%

35
Q

What positives were there in terms of race relations between 1997-2007?

A

New Labour globalisation saw increased immigration, Paul Boateng first black cabinet minister in 2002, Notting Hill carnival attracted millions, won London 2012 Olympics

36
Q

What setbacks were there in terms of race relations between 1997-2007?

A

7/7 bombings, Macpherson report found institutional racism in the met police, tension over ‘changing nature’ of immigration/asylum seeking

37
Q

What were the errors made by the Labour government in terms of race relations?

A

Foreign policy, especially the Iraq War, alienated British Muslims

38
Q

What was New Labour’s policy on the European common currency (Euro)?

A

Blair was enthusiastic however Brown set many stringent conditions to be met before Britain would join, therefore it never happened

39
Q

How much did the EU expand between 1997-2007?

A

From 15 to 27 states - mostly Eastern European, formerly Warsaw Pact nations

40
Q

What successful ‘liberal interventions’ were made between 1997-2000?

A

Helped end conflict in Yugoslavia (Serbia withdrew from Kosovo) (1999) and helped end civil war in Sierra Leone by working with peacekeepers (2000)

41
Q

Why did the US and UK invade Afghanistan in 2001?

A

Al-Qaeda used Afghanistan to plan terrorist activity - US/UK wanted to expel the Taliban govt and Al-Qaeda from Afghanistan

42
Q

How successful was the invasion of Afghanistan?

A

Democracy established at first however progress slowed from 2002 as attention diverted to Iraq - allowed Taliban to regroup in 2006-7

43
Q

Why did the US and the UK invade Iraq in 2003?

A

Believed Saddam Hussein had WMDs, believed Iraq may become new base for terror (Al Qaeda)

44
Q

How successful was the Iraq War in military terms?

A

Saddam Hussein was overthrown within a month, however war dragged on for years

45
Q

What was the British public’s reaction to the Iraq War?

A

War was very unpopular - over 1m at ‘Stop the War’ march in Feb 2003, Blair’s reputation permanently damaged

46
Q

What were the reasons behind public disapproval of the Iraq War?

A

No evidence of WMDs, Iraqi POWs mistreated, unnecessary deaths on all sides, seen as simply following whatever US foreign policy was

47
Q

What were the findings of the Chilcot Report?

A

War wasn’t last resort (no imminent threat), insufficient planning for Iraqi govt post-Saddam, hadn’t established beyond doubt existence of WMDs

48
Q

How did the Chilcot Report affect Blair’s reputation?

A

Severely damaged - showed he was too eager to jump to war, misled parliament over existence of WMDs and was subversive to the USA

49
Q

How did the Chilcot Report damage Britain’s reputation?

A

Same damages as Blair due to him being leader, no autonomy in foreign policy, intelligence office failures

A Levels (26 decks)

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