Bladder, Urethra, Cell Types and Ions Flashcards
What are the functional muscular units of the bladder
Spiral
Longitudinal
Circular
Name the missing labels
Label the diagram
What are the regions of the male urethra
Pre-prostatic - between prostate and bladder
Prostatic - passes through the prostate
Membranous - passes through deep perineal pouch
Bulbous portion - before the spongy urethra
Penile/spongy - passes through corpus spongiosum
Glandular/ureathral meatus - tip of penis
What epithelium is found in the PCT and what adaptations do they have
Simple cuboidal epithelium with brush border
Cells have lots of mitochondria to supply energy for N-K-APTase
What epithelium types are found in the loop of henle and the DCT
Descending limb has simple squamous with few mitochondria
Ascending limb and DCT have simple cuboidal with lots of mitochondria
What epithelium type is found in the collecting duct
Simple columnar and simple cuboidal epithelium with no brush border
Which three ions are homeostatically regulated by the kidney
Calcium
Magnesium
Phosphate
Which types of plasma Ca can be filtered across the glomerular basement membrane and which cannot be filtered
Unbound, free Ca can be filtered at the glomerulus
Ca bound to plasma protein or complexed with low molecular weight compounds cannot be filtered
Where is Ca reabsorbed in the nephron
Majority is reasborbed in the proximal tubule
Some is reasborbed in the thick AL
Fine tuning of Ca excretion occurs in DCT
How is phosphate reabsorbed in the nephron and what are the plasma forms of phosphate
Inorganic phosphate is absorbed in the nephron and transported across the cell membrane as phosphate
In plasma, phosphate is present as ionised, complexed and protein bound forms
What are the types of serum Mg
Ionised, free Mg
Complexed to serum anions
Albumin bound
What two conditions is hypomagnesaemia assocaited with (conditions of low ion levels)
Hypokalaemia - hypomagnesaemia stimulates ROMK channels resulting in increased K secretion
Hypocalcaemia - hypomagnesaemia impairs PTH release and causes PTH resistance -> causes hypocalcaemia
What are the symptoms of hypomagnesaemia
Weakness and fatigue
Muscle cramp
Tetany
Numbness
Seizures
Arrhythmias
