Bladder cancer

Question 1

Investigation of bladder cancer

Answer 1

Urine dipstick-blood +
can occasionally have WCC
Urine analysis-positive in 90% of aggressive cancer
only 30% of low grade tho
CTKUB is a great way to investigate
Flexible cystoscopy
If its not involving the muscle-ressected transurethral
if involves muscle-need radiotherapy/chemo

Question 2

Define bladder cancer

Answer 2

90% are urothelial carcinomas
Most common are non muscle invasive tumours
Low grade tend to be larger and easy to visualise (expand towards bladder interior)
Higher grade can be difficult to see and expand towards much

Question 3

Aetiology and risk factors of Bladder cancer

Answer 3

Just like all cancer-genetic + environement
People that use dye made of aromatic amines are at higher risk, as they transform into carcinogens at the pH of the bladder

Risk factors;
Smoking
Using dyes (hairdresser, painter)
Age-over 60
pelvic radiation
Male 
FHx
T2DM

Question 4

Epidiemology of bladder cancer

Answer 4

9th most common in world

Invasive in 20 in 100000

Question 5

Signs and Sx of bladder cancer

Answer 5

Not often symptomatic
can present as heamaturia-
gross or micro
usually presenting complaint in 85% of PT
occasionally-Unriary frequency

FLAWS-not always

Agressive cancers-dysuria