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Bladder CA Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common presenting symptom in bladder cancer?

A

Painless haematuria

Seen in >80% of patients

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2
Q

What is the most common histology of bladder carcinomas?

A

Transitional cell carcinomas

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3
Q

Besides transitional cell carcinomas, what are the other histologies?

A 
Lymphoepithelioma-like
Sarcomatoid carcinomas
Micro papillary or nested variants
Primary squamous cell carcinomas
Adeno carcinomas
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4
Q

What is the standard treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer?

A

Radical cystectomy with extended lymphadenectomy

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5
Q

What supports the use of CDDP-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy for bladder cancer?

A

Advanced Bladder Cancer Meta-analysis collaboration published in Eur Urology in 2005

A meta-analysis of 11 RCTs with 3000 patients

5% absolute increase in 5-year OS
9% absolute increase in 5-year DFS

This is compared with Radical cystectomy alone

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6
Q

What is the evidence for adjuvant chemotherapy for bladder cancer?

A

Leow et al. 2013 updated meta-analysis in Eur Urol 2014

Updated meta-analysis of 9 RCTs including 950 patients for usage of CDDP-based adjuvant chemotherapy

OS benefit with HR 0.8 and DFS benefit with HR 0.65
- DFS benefit more apparent in those with Positive lymph node involvement.

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7
Q

What are the clinical indicators that determine if a patient is suitable for bladder preservation?

A

Early tumor stage

- including high-risk T1 disease, T2

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8
Q

What are the 5 bladder tumor marker tests?

A 
BTA-Stat
BTA-TRAK
NMP-22
uCyt+
UroVysion

Non shown to be superior to Urine cytology and cystoscopy

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9
Q

What are the risk factors for Bladder CA?

A

1) Age
2) Toxins
- Smoking
- Aniline-containing dyes, arsenic
- Phenacetin
- Arsenic
3) Chronic inflammation
- Chronic cystitis/UTI
- Schistosomiasis (S.Haematobium –> SCC)
4) Cytotoxic agents
- Pelvic RT
- Cyclophosphamde

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10
Q

Tell me about the bladder cancer staging for T.

A

Ta = Non-invasive papillary carcinoma

T1 = Tumor invades sub epithelial connective tissue

T2 = invades muscle

  • T2a=invades superficial muscle (inner half)
  • T2b=invades deep muscle (outer half)

T3 = invades perivesical tissue

  • T3a=microscopically
  • T3b=Macroscopically with extravehicular mass

T4=Tumor invades any of the following: prostate, vagina, pelvic wall/abdominal wall

  • T4a=invades prostate, uterus, vaginalis
  • T4b=invades pelvic wall/abdominal wall
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11
Q

Tell me about the N staging for bladder cancer

A

Regional LN are those within true pelvis.
All others are distant lymph nodes

N1 = mets in a single LN, 2cm or less

N2 = Single lymph node, >2cm, but 5cm or smaller; OR
- multiple LN, but none >5cm

N3 = Mets in a LN >5cm

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12
Q

How does completeness of TURBT relate to OS?

A

Completeness of TURBT is a strong prognostic factor for OS for both superficial and muscle-invasive disease

R0 = 10y OS 50%
R1 = 10y OS 30%
R2 = 10y OS 20%
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13
Q

What are the characteristics that are a/w higher chance of recurrence?

A

High Grade
Diffuse Tis alone or in a/w papillary tumors
>3 bladder lesions (any >3-5cm)
Vascular invasion
T1b - invasion of the deep portion of the lamina propria
Multiple recurrences within a short period of time (eg >2 in a year)
Incomplete resection due to diffuse bladder involvement or unfavorable location
Presence of tumor within 3-6 months after initial TUR

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14
Q

What is considered intermediate and high risk disease?

A

Multifocal Tis
G3 Ta or T1 with Tis
Rapidly recurring after TURBT

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15
Q

When do you treat with prophylactic intravesical chemotherapy ?

A

Immediately after TURBT (within 24 hours) for ALL superficial bladder cancer

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16
Q

What is the usual treatment for prophylactic intravesical chemo?

A

Usually Mitomycin-C

40mg in 40 Mls

Evidence comes from meta-analysis of 1500 patients of 7 RCTs over 3.5 years
- Sylvester 2004 in J Urol

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17
Q

What is the additional therapy for intermediate and high risk disease?

A

BCG most commonly used
Alternatives: Mitomycin C, or Epirubicin

Induction course of BCG once every week for 6 weeks–>
Intermittent maintenance cycles of e-week courses repeated Q3-6monthly –>
Q6-monthly up to 3 years
- This provides a 20% absolute reduction in recurrence rate
- Saint et al 2001 Urology

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18
Q

What are the agents used in intravesical treatment?

A

1) Intravesical BCG
2) Intravesical Chemotherapy
- Thiotepa
- Mitomycin-C
- Epirubicin/Doxorubicin

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19
Q

How would you monitor a patient after TURBT?

A

1) Cystoscopy
2) Urinary Cytology
3) Image upper urinary tract every 12-24 months as there is a 5% lifetime risk for development of upper tract tumor after Dx of bladder cancer

Cystoscopy/cytology:

  • every 3 months for 2 years
  • 6-monthly for 2 years
  • yearly indefinitely
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20
Q

What are the side-effects of BCG?

A 
Frequency (70%)
Cystitis (70%)
Fever (25%)
Haematuria (25%)
BCG-osis = BCG-sepsis (very rare, but can be fatal)
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21
Q

What is the role of maintenance BCG?

A

Lamm et al.

Many experienced Significant G3 toxicity
Only 16% completed treatment
3-week courses every 3-6 months, then every 6 months for up to 3 years

Provides a 20% absolute reduction in recurrence rate

22
Q

What is the side-effect of intravesical thiotepa ?

A

Significant systemic absorption and toxicities of myelosuppression
Irritating voiding symptoms

23
Q

What are the general complications of intravesical treatment?

A

Dysuria
Frequency
Urgency
Bladder fibrosis and contracture

24
Q

What are the treatment modalities for muscle-invasive disease?

A

1) Surgery
2) Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy
3) Adjuvant chemotherapy
4) Bladder-Sparing approaches

25
What does radical Cystectomy entail removal of?
1) Bladder 2) Prostate 3) Seminal vesicles 4) Proximal urethra 5) Fallopian tubes 6) Ovaries 7) Anterior vaginal wall 8) Bilateral pelvic LN dissection * Recent data shows that removal of prostate may be spared when there is no direct extension of tumor to urethra, prostatic duct or stroma - Improved potency ad urinary incontinence
26
What are the methods of urinary diversion that you know of?
1) Ileal conduit 2) Continent Cutaneous diversion - Pouch made of aperistaltic bowel segment - requires CIC - no stoma 3) Orthotopic neo bladder
27
What is the minimum number of LN tt should be removed?
10 | From retrospective data from INT 0080, those with >10 LN removed had significantly better outcome
28
When is chemo radiotherapy an option for bladder preservation?
More effective in: Solitary T2 or early T3 Tumors
29
How is chemo radiotherapy done?
CDDP or Carboplatin - CDDP 40 mg/m2 or Carboplatin AUC2. Weekly for 6/52 Alternative radiosensitizers: - Capecitabine - Paclitaxel - Gemcitabine Outcome of local control dependent on goal RT dose. ~60-70Gy Requires repeat TURBT with multiple biopsies 6weeks after chemo radiotherapy.
30
When is neoadjuvant chemotherapy considered?
Operable T2-4a muscle-invasive disease | This came about because failure rate of 30-45% after surgery
31
What are the advantages and disadvantages of neoadjuvant chemotherapy?
Advantages: - delivered early when burden of micromet expected to be low - Allows evaluation of response (Chemosensitivity of tumor tested) - Tolerability of chemo likely to be better before surgery Disadvantages: - delay cystectomy - S/e of chemo may affect outcome of surgery - error in staging may lead to over treatment
32
What is the evidence for neoadjuvant treatment?
1) MRC/EORTC Lancet 1999 N=1000 for curative surgery or radical RT 2 arms: 1) neoadjuvant chemo with CMV 2) No neoadjuvant. Neoadjuvant chemo - Cisplatin, methotrexate, Vinblastine - q21days X 3 cycles Results: pT0 after CMV = 32% in cystectomy group (55% of all patients) Initially no survival improvement seen, but data reached significance are 8y f/u showing 15% reduction in risk of death with neoadjuvant chemo. ``` But difficult to compare outcomes as groups are unbalanced. Those who got RT tended to have poorer PS, earlier T and N stage and were older. ======== 2) Grossman NEJM 2003 Planned for radical cystectomy. N=300 2 arms: 1) Radical cystectomy alone 2) 3# of MVAC --> Radical cystectomy ``` Chemo Cycle Q28days RESULTS: - med OS 45m vs 75m (neoadjuvant) - 5y OS 55% vs 40% - improvement in survival a/w absence of residual cancer in cystectomy specimen. - pCR Rae 40% vs 15% (no chemo)
33
Under what circumstances may TURBT alone be curative?
Solitary lesion
34
Describe the Tri-modality approach of TURBT+ChemoRT
As part of bladder preservation, uses TURBT, Chemotherapy and RT 1) TURBT - as complete as possible 2) 'adjuvant' CRT with either approach: - Concurrent CRT - Induction chemo --> Concurrent ChemoRT 3) Restaging TURBT 4) 2 scenarios: - Consolidative Therapy in responding patients - Cystectomy in non-responders if residual tumor still present
35
What is the outcome of Tri-modality treatment ?
Typical 5-yr survival is 50% | - 80% of whom has an intact bladde
36
Any role for CDDP-free RT sensitization?
Yes BC 2001 NEJM 2012 N=360 >80% T2 tumors All N0 2 arms: 1) ChemoRT 2) RT alone Chemo: - 5FU 500/day X 5 days Week 1 and 4 - MMC 12 D1 Results: No OS difference, likely due to salvage Sx in RT alone patients. PEP met: 2y LR DFS 60% vs 50% 5y OS 50% vs 35% (trend)
37
What are the poor prognostic factors in metastatic bladder cancer in second line setting?
PS >0 | Hb
38
What are the CDDP-containing chemo options?
1) MVAC 2) Gem-CDDP - or Gem-Carbo
39
What is the expected RR with MVAC
About 70% with CR 50% But very toxic Sternberg J Urol 1985 Not as tolerable as cf CDDP/Gem Other series show MVAC>CDDP RR about 40% vs 10% with OS 12.5m vs 8m
40
Between HDMVAC and MVAC. Which is better?
HDMVAC >MVAC in terms of increased RR by 1.5x. | But OS seems equivalent.
41
Any rose for ddMVAC as opposed to MVAC?
Yes. Borderline statistically significant relative reduction in risk of PD and death EORTC 30924 by Sternberg Eur J Cancer - updated 2006 Differences show up in 7y update. N=260 Met Unresectable T3-4 Chemo-naive ``` RESULTS: CR 20% vs 10% PR ~40% 5y OS 22% vs 13.5% (MVAC) Med Survival 15.1m vs 14.9m (MVAC) 7y med PFS 9.5m vs 8m ```
42
Gem/CDDP vs MVAC. What is the result?
GC=MVAC Von dear Maase JCO 2000 ``` T4b N2-3 Muscle invasive No prior chemo N=400 ``` ``` 2 arms: 1) Gem/CDDP - Gem (1000 D1,8,15) Q28d - CDDP (70) D2 Q28d 2) MVAC - MTX (30) D1, 15, 22 - Vinblastine (3) D2, 15, 22 - Doxorubicin (30) D2 - CDDP (70) D2 Q28days ``` RESULTS: - no substantial difference in Overall RR ~45% - no difference in OS 15m (MVAC) vs GC 14m (trend) - 5y OS 13% vs 15% (MVAC) (trend) - med PFS 7.7m vs 8.3m (MVAC) - no diff in TTP/Tx failure either - Gem/CDDP has fewer side effects than MVAC
43
Any value in addition of Paclitaxel to met Bladder CA chemo?
ORR improved 55% vs 45% MOS no different 15m vs 12m (trend) FN rate 13% vs 4% ``` Bellmunt JCO 2012 2 arms: 1) Gem (1000) D1,8,15, CDDP (70) D2 - Q28days 2) Pac (80) D1,8 CDDP (70) D1 Gem (1000) D1,8 - Q21. ```
44
How about ddMVAC and ddGC?
Bamias JCO 2011 ``` Outcomes almost the same. ddGC = better tolerated - Gemcitabine 2500 - CDDP 70 - Q14d ``` RESULTS: ORR 47% (ddMVAC) vs 47% (ddGC) OS 18.5m vs 21m (ddGC)
45
Is Carbo = CDDP in Bladder CA?
No Data suggests CDDP > Carbo in terms of efficacy - MA Galsky Annals 2011 CDDP>Carbo in terms of CR, ORR
46
What is the definition of those unfit for CDDP?
ECOG 2 | CCT
47
What are possible 2nd line chemotherapy?
No standard 1) Taxanes 2) Pemetrexed 3) ?Eribulin 4) Vinflunine RR 10-20%
48
Tell me the evidence for Vinflunine
Bellmunt JCO 2009 Phase 3 study with 370 patients Vinflunine > BSC 320mg/m2 Q21days RR 10% vs 0% PFS 3m vs 1.5m Med OS 7m vs 4m Significant hematological toxicities Vinflunine is a vinca alkaloid, inhibits micro tubules
49
How about the evidence for Gem-Pac as 2nd line
Albers in Ann Onco 2011 N=100 6# Gem/Pac > vs Gem/Pac until PD ORR 40% with PFS 3.5m and OS 8m
50
Why in first line do we elect to use Gem/CDDP?
MVAC >CDDP MVAC = ddMVAC MVAC = GC (Von der Masse JCO 2000) PGC = GC

Medical oncology (53 decks)

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