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Stage 1 Blood > BL4 Anaemia > Flashcards

BL4 Anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the result of reduction in the blood’s ability to oxygenate blood?

A

tissue hypoxia

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2
Q

1) What is the mean male normal Hb?

2) What is bellow normal Hb for males?

A

1) 15.5g/dl

2) 13.5 g/dl

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3
Q

1) What is the mean female normal Hb?

2) What is bellow normal Hb for females?

A

1) 14.0g/dl

2) 11.5 g/dl

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4
Q

What does this symbol stand for g/dl?

A

Grams Per Decilitre

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5
Q

What are the 2 possible cause of anemia to do with quantity?

A

May be due to insufficient HB and/or insufficient RBC

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6
Q

1) Is anemia a disease?

2) What should you do when you identify a patient as anaemic?

A

1) no, it is a clinical sign

2) work out the cause

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7
Q

What does the following stand for:

1) MCV
2) MCH
3) MCHC

A

1) Mean corpuscular volume
2) Mean corpuscular haemoglobin content
3) Mean corpuscular (cell) haemoglobin concentration

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8
Q

What are the unit for these:

1) Mean corpuscular volume
2) Mean corpuscular haemoglobin content
3) Mean corpuscular (cell) haemoglobin concentration

A

1) (fl, femto = 10-15)
2) (pg, pico = 10-12)
3) (g/L or g/100 ml)

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9
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of anaemia?

general and cardiorespiratory

A 
General:
1) Headache
2) fatigue/lethargy
Cardiorespiratory:
3) Dyspnoea (difficult or laboured breathing)
4) Tachycardia (fast HR))
5) Palpitations (heart pounding/ fluttering)
6) Angina
7) myocardial infarction (heart attack)
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10
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of anaemia?

cutaneous

A

Cutaneous:

1) pallor
2) brittle nails
3) koilonychias (abnormally thin nails (usually of the hand) which have lost their convexity, becoming flat or even concave in shape.)

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11
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of anaemia?

oral

A

1) Sore Mouth
2) Glossitis (inflammation of the tongue)
3) Ulceration
4) Candidiasis (fungal infection in mouth)
5) Angular stomatitis ( inflammatory condition affecting the corners of the mouth or oral commissures)

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12
Q

what are the 3 classificaiton of RBC based on size?

A

1) microcytic
2) normocytic
3) macrocytic

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13
Q

1) What will you look for to confirm microcytic RBC?
2) What is the possible causes?
3) What tests will be used here?

A

1) hupochromic, low MCV and MCH
2) Fe deficiency
3) blood film and heamatocrit (for blood count)

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14
Q

1) What will you look for to confirm normocytic RBC?
2) What is the possible causes?
3) What tests will be used here?

A

1) normochromic, normal MCH and MCH
2) Acute blood loss
Haemolysis
Marrow disease
3) blood film and heamatocrit (for blood count)

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15
Q

1) What will you look for to confirm macrocytic RBC?
2) What is the cause?
3) What tests will be used here?

A

1) high MCV
2) B12 deficiency
Folate deficiency
(not infrequently
in alcoholics)
3) blood film and heamatocrit (for blood count)

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16
Q

What are the 3 classifications of anaemia?

A

1) excess loss
2) failure of production
3) excess destruction

17
Q

How would excess loss of RBC lead to anaemia?

A

Acute haemorrhage
Chronic haemorrhage
(Fe deficiency
anaemia)

18
Q

How would failure of production of RBC lead to anaemia?

A 
Deficiency anaemia (Fe,
B12, Folate)
Marrow disease e.g.
Aplastic anaemia,
Leukaemia
19
Q

How would excess destruction of RBC lead to anaemia?

A

Haemolytic anaemia:
Sickle cell anaemia,
Thalassaemia

20
Q

What happens during an acute haemorrhage?

A

body loses over 1 litre of blood, tissue fluid replaces loss= low RBC count, reticulocytes will be reactive

21
Q

1) What does chronic haemorrhage present as?

2) What can cause a chronic haemorrhage?

A

1) Fe deficiency ( 1ml blood loss contains 0.5mg of Fe)

2) Gastrointestinal blood loss

22
Q

What are the different causes of Gastrointestinal blood loss?

A

1) NSAID, a drug that can cause damage to the gastroduodenal mucosa via several mechanisms, including the topical irritant effect of these drugs on the epithelium,
2) stomach ulcers
3) stomach cancer- detected by looking at an endoscopy

23
Q

What causes failure of production of RBC a type of deficiency anaemia:

A

a deficiency in:

1) Iron
2) B12
3) Folate

24
Q

1) How much iron is in the body?
2) What are is the percentage of the total body iron is in each location:
a) Haemoglobin in RBC
b) Ferritin in liver macrophages
c) Myoglobin in skeletal muscle
d) transferrin in plasma

A

1) 3-5 g
2) a) 75%
b) 20%
c) 5%
d) 0.1 %

25
Q

WHat are the 4 locations of iron in the body?

A

a) Haemoglobin in RBC
b) Ferritin in liver macrophages
c) Myoglobin in skeletal muscle
d) transferrin in plasma

26
Q

What is the daily requirement of iron for the following groups of people:

1) males
2) females
3) pregant lady
4) children

A

1) 1 mg/day
2) 2 mg/day
3) 3 mg/day
4) 1.5 mg/day

27
Q

How is iron mostly lost?

A

sloughing of epithelial cells

from skin and mucosal surfaces

28
Q

What is the daily loss of iron for males and females of blood?

A

Males 0.6 mg/day

Females 1.2 mg/day (incl. average menstruation loss

29
Q

What regulates the amount of iron?

A

by the control of iron absorption (10% from diet)

30
Q

1) How much iron is absorbed a day?

2) How much iron do we consume a day?

A

1 mg/day

2) 15-20mg per day

31
Q

What are the 2 types of sources of iron, where they come from and how easily they are absorbed + percentage:

A

1) non haem- from plant food, not easily absorbed (1-10%)

2) haem- from myoglobin and Hb in meat - rapidly absorbed (10-20%)

32
Q

WHat are the inhibitors of iron absorbtion?

A

phytates, phosphates, tannins

33
Q

What are the promoter of iron absorbtion?

A

: Vit C, citric acid, alcohol

34
Q

1) What are the 2 stable valency states of iron? and which food type they come from?
2) WHich one is absorbed (a) and isn’t (b)? (c) Why is this particularly bad?
3) Explain why stomach acid, vitamin C and alcohol promote iron absorption?

A

1) Fe++ (ferrous - in haem) and Fe+++ (ferric in non haem)
2) a) ferrous form
b) ferric
c) most dietary iron is in the ferric form
3) they are reducing agents and therefore reduce ferric iron into ferrous iron which cna be absorbed.

35
Q

What is malabsorption syndrome?

A

refers to a number of disorders in which the small intestine can’t absorb enough of certain nutrients and fluids

36
Q

What can cause malabsorption?

A

1) high phytate diet-the phytate binds to some nutrients preventing their absorbtion
2) low vitamin C
3) Surgery- partial or total gastrectomy

37
Q

If a patient suffers from malabsobtion they will be given supplements.

1) what is the supplement?
2) What is the side effect of this supplement?
3) therefore what is subscribed instead? what are the benefits of this?
4) What can cause tooth erosion?

A

1) ferrous sulphate (200 mg 3x daily) 3 mo. or more
2) staining of teeth
3) iron edetate -sugar free and more palatable
4) some iron preparations and chewable Vitamin C tablets

Stage 1 Blood (7 decks)

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