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Stage 1 Blood > BL1 Compositions and functions of blood > Flashcards

BL1 Compositions and functions of blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is plasma?

2) What is the name =of the fluid it is similar to? How do they differ?

A

the fluid matrix of blood,

2)interstitial fluid, however it does contain proteins

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2
Q

What are the different plasma proteins + roles:

A

1) Albumin: +contributes to colloid osmotic pressure + carries substances
2) Globulins +is a clotting factor+ carrier protein + enzyme + antibodies (main purpose is immunological role)
3) Fibrinogen + forms fibrin threads essential to blood clotting
4) Transferrin + iron transport

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3
Q

1) What is a haematocrit?

2) What are other names for it?

A

1) is the volume percentage (vol%) of red blood cells in blood.
2) packed cell volume

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4
Q

What are the cellular components of plasma ?

A

1) Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
2) Leukocytes (white blood cells)
3) thrombocytes (platelets)

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5
Q

What is the ionic composition of plasma?

A

cations: Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++, others

anions Cl- HCO3-, protein, others

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6
Q

What is oncotic pressure?

A

form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins, e.g. albumin, in a blood vessel’s plasma (blood/liquid) that usually tends to pull water into the circulatory system.

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7
Q

What is an oedema?

A

a build up of fluid in the body which causes the affected tissue to become swollen

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8
Q

what protein in plasma is the most abundant?

A

albumin

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9
Q

what protein in plasma is the most abundant?

A

albumin

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10
Q

What is the role of albumin?

A

: +contributes to colloid osmotic pressure + carries substances

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11
Q

What is the role of globulins?

A

+is a clotting f actor+ carrier protein + enzyme + antibodies (main purpose is immunological role)

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12
Q

What is the role of fibrinogen?

A

+ forms fibrin threads essential to blood clotting

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13
Q

What is the role of transferrin?

A

+iron transport

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14
Q

What is the role of transferrin?

A

+iron transport

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15
Q

1) Where are the proteins in plasma synthesised?

2) what are the 2 exceptions?

A

1) liver
2) - immunoglobins are synthesised and secreted by specialised blood cells
- Transferrin is provided by globulins from lymphoid
tissue and other tissue

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16
Q

1) Where are the proteins in plasma synthesised?

2) what are the 2 exceptions?

A

1) liver
2) - immunoglobins are synthesised and secreted by specialised blood cells
- Transferrin is provided by globulins from lymphoid
tissue and other tissue

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17
Q

What is the other name for erythrocytes?

A

red blood cell

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18
Q

What is the other name for red blood cell?

A

erythrocytes

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19
Q

What is the other name for white blood cell?

A

leukocytes

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20
Q

What is the other name for leukocytes?

A

white blood cell

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21
Q

What is the other name for platelets?

A

thrombocytes

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22
Q

What is the other name for thrombocytes?

A

platelets

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23
Q

What is the function of erythrocytes?

A

oxygen transport

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24
Q

What is the function of leukocytes?

A

immune responce

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25
Q

what is the function of thrombocytes?

A

clotting responce

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26
Q

What is the function of leukocytes?

A

immune response

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27
Q

what is the function of thrombocytes?

A

clotting response

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28
Q

What can variation in haematocrit show?

A

presence of a disease or disorder

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29
Q

What is packed cell volume?

A

% of total blood volume occupied by the red blood cells

30
Q

What happens when packed cell volume is low?

A

anaemia, overproduction of WBC, blood loss

31
Q

What happens when packed cell volume is high?

A

dehydration, lung/heart disease, polycythaemia vera

32
Q

How is packed cell volume measured?

A

haematocrit

33
Q

How is packed cell volume/ haematocrit measured?

A

1) centrifuge heparinised blood in a capillary tube
2) blood separates into different coloured layers
2) length of red section over length of capillary tube (or filled section so either red and white and yellow)

34
Q

What are the layers of the haematocrit and colours + give percentage of one of the layers:

A

1) plasma- yellow
2) buffy coat- white- 1%
3) PCV of RBC (Hct) - red

35
Q

What are the layers of the haematocrit and colours + give percentage of one of the layers:

A

1) plasma- yellow
2) buffy coat- white- 1%
3) Packed cell volume of RBC (Hct) - red

36
Q

What can a low haematocrit indicate?

A

anaemia, overproduction of WBC, blood loss

37
Q

What can a high haematocrit indicate?

A

dehydration, lung/heart disease, polycythaemia vera

38
Q

What is polycythaemia vera?

A

Polycythaemia vera (PV). PV is a rare condition usually caused by a fault in the JAK2 gene, which causes the bone marrow cells to produce too many red blood cells.

39
Q

What is another name for haematocrit?

A

Packed cell volume

40
Q

What are the effects of blood doping on haematocrit?

2) How does it improve performance?

A

1) increases it

2) Increasing oxygen capacity of blood by increasing RBC

41
Q

What are 2 types of blood doping?

A

Blood (Packed red cell) transfusion or erythropoietin (EPO

42
Q

What is erythropoietin?

A

a hormone produced by the kidney that promotes the formation of red blood cells by the bone marrow

43
Q

1) What can screening test is used in blood doping?

2) Why can getting the shits lead to a false alarm? why?

A

1) haematocrit

2) Diarrhoea = dehydration = plasma fluid decrease so percentage of PCV will increase

44
Q

1) a) What is plasma? b)what 4 things does it contain?
2) What is serum?
3) What does it not contain that plasma does?
4) What other proteins does it contain like plasma?

A

1) a)fluid proportion of blood
b) water, electrolytes, proteins and cells
2) : The clear liquid that can be separated from clotted blood
3) minus cells and clotting factors (fibrinogen)
4) antigens, antibodies. Hormones, drugs.

45
Q

What percentage of plasma is water?

2) What properties does this give plasma, link to function:

A

1) 92%
2) high specific heat capacity
a)= used to transport metabolically-generated
heat called thermogenesis around body
= excess heat transported to skin surface through convection currents allowing for thermoregulation

46
Q

What are the functions of plasma , 3:

A

1) transport molecules, material around body
2) transport of metabolically generated heat to where required
3) role in thermoregulation through transporting excess heat to skin surface

47
Q

For a)Na+ and b)Cl-

1) WHat are there concentrations
2) WHat are their roles?

A

1) a)142 mEq/litre
b) 103 mEq/litre
2) a) Na+ is involved in fluid balance and
therefore blood volume and pressure
b) most sodium comes from NaCl therefore Cl level is also high

48
Q

What is conc. of the folloing ions in plasma?

1) K+
2) Ca++
3) HCO3-

A

1) 4 mEq/litre
2) 2.5 mEq/litre
3) 25 mEq/litre

49
Q

What is the function of K+ in blood plasma?

A

+ Membrane polarisation:

  • action potential,
  • excitability of cells,
  • muscle and heart contractions
50
Q

What is the function of Ca++ in blood plasma?

A

Bone mineral density,
muscle contraction- electrochemical
activity of the heart ( longer hyperpolarisation period).

51
Q

What is the function of HCO3- in blood plasma?

A

is a part of a buffering system to maintain plasma pH by

1) accepting H+ ( produced during respiration)
2) CO2 + H2O (reversible arrow)HCO3- + H+
3) at lungs, equilibrium shifted to left allowing maintance of pH beyond pKa suggests

52
Q

What condition is caused by low levels of sodium in plasma?

A

Hyponatraemia

53
Q

Give the concentration of total cations in blood?

A

153

54
Q

Give the concentration of total anions in blood?

A

153

55
Q

What is the conc of the following cations in blood:

1) Na+
2) K+
3) Ca++
4) Mg++
5) Others

A

1) Na+ 142mEq/litre
2) K+ 4mEq/litre
3) Ca2+ 2.5mEq/litre
4) Mg2+ 2mEq/litre
5) Others 2.5mEq/litre

56
Q

What is the conc of the following anions in blood:

1) Cl-
2) HCO3-
3) Protein
4) Others

A

1) Cl- 103 mEq/litre
2) HCO3- 25 mEq/litre
3) Protein 17 mEq/litre
4) Others 8mEq/litre

57
Q

1) Give examples of the following that are transported by plasma?
a) nutrients
b) Waste products
c) dissolved gasses
d) Hormones
2) What are the exceptions to this rule that these substances are just transported in plasma?

A

1) a) nutrients= glucose, amino acids, lipids, vitamins
b) Waste products= creatinine, bilirubin, urea
c) dissolved gasses= oxygen, carbon dioxide, NO
d) Hormones= small peptides, steroids
2) some hormones or ions are bound to proteins

58
Q

What are the major contributors to oncotic pressure of blood?

A

plasma proteins, albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, transferrin

59
Q

1) Compare the oncotic/osmotic pressure between plasma and IF?
2) Why then is fluid forced at arteriole end of capillary bed?
3) what doesn’t contribute to osmotic gradient in capillary bed?
4) what causes the oncotic gradient in capillary bed?

A

1)-Always higher in plasma than interstitial
so will draw fluid in
2) hydrostatic pressure is high
3) permeable solutes and ions as they can reach diffuse and equilibrate
4) plasma proteins left in capillaries

60
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

return fluid and proteins filtered out of the

capillaries back to the circulatory system

61
Q

1) describe location of lymph vessels?
2) What holds them open?
3) What does this allow to occur?
4) Why is this important?

A

1) close to capillaries
2) connective tissue which they are anchored to
3) allows fluid and interstitial proteins (and bacteria) to enter lymph vessels and thus lymphatic system
, this fluid drains into venous circulation
4) important in reducing interstitial proteins

62
Q

What definetly doesn’t maintain flow in the lymphatic system?
2) What does?

A

1) a pump

2) one-way valves, skeletal muscle compressions and contractile fibres in endothelial cells

63
Q

1) What is an oedema?
2) When caused by lymph , what does this mean?
3) What could cause this?

A

1) a build up of fluid in the body which causes the affected tissue to become swollen
3) obstruction of lymph nodes
3) cancer, parasites or their removal

64
Q

What would be the effects at the capillary bed of proteins moving into IF?

A

we have less of the colloid
osmotic pressure and so less opposition to hydrostatic pressure and we get excess
fluid moving into the interstitial space

65
Q

What factors disrupt the normal balance between capillary filtration and absorption:

A
  1. Increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure:
  2. Decrease in plasma protein concentration.
    1. Increase in interstitial proteins
66
Q

Why would interstitial proteins increase in conc?

A

During Inflammation, injured tissue mast cells release histamine, causing the surrounding blood vessels to dilate and increase in permeability. Important for immune response but also consequentially leaky capillary walls allow blood plasma proteins to leak out

67
Q

Why would capillary hydrostatic pressure increase?

A

Increased venous pressure (e.g., changing from upright to supine position)– heart failure (E.G. STROKE) . Right ventricle fails – systemic build up of volume increasing pressure in right atrium – filtration exceeds absorption = swelling

68
Q

Why would plasma protein conc decrease?

A

severe malnutrition, …..more here needed

69
Q

1) What are the effects of a haemorrhage and dehydration on arterial blood pressure?
2) What happens in the body to reverse this process?

A

1) decrease

2) hydrostatic pressure will also decrease at capillary bed= net absorption= blood volume maintained

70
Q

1) Where do different blood cells come from?

2) what does pluripotent mean?

A

1) Pluripotent haematopoietic stem cell

2) Pluripotent = develop into ANY cell type

Stage 1 Blood (7 decks)

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