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Stage 1 Blood > BL2 Haemopoiesis > Flashcards

BL2 Haemopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is haemopoesis?

A

the process that forms blood cells and platelets, all of which orginate from a Pluripotent haematopoietic stem cell

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2
Q

What is the role of bone marrow in haemopoesis?

A

in adults it is where haemopoesis occurs

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3
Q

What is erythropoesis?

A

formation of red blood cells through differentiation of PHSC

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4
Q

1)What regulates erythropoesis? 2) Why is the switch off particularly important?

A

hypoxia activates fibroblasts in peritubular cells of the kidney so that they release the hormone/cytokine erythropoietin (EPO). EPO acts on bone marrow = 1) more stem cell turnover, 2) more maturation of RBC precursors( e.g. preerythroblasts), 3)increased rate of RBC release STITCH OFF: there must be a negative feedback loop, it is unknown atm, which = blood EPO drops. 2) it takes 1-3 days to appear so imagine at the 6 day mark there would be way too much RBC

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5
Q

In a cut sample of bone marrow how would you be able to identify the 1) active bone 2) inactive bone

A

1) red due to haemoglobin 2) yellow due to fat

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6
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

a white blood cell with secretory granules in its cytoplasm

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7
Q

What are the 5 major types of white blood cells ?

A

neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, monocyte, lymphocyte

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8
Q

a) What are the 2 different groups of white blood cell? b) Which of the 2 groups do the major types of leukocytes fall under?

A

1) granulocytes, have granules in cytoplasm when stained and viewed in microscope b) neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil 2) agranulocytes, which do not have granules in the cytoplasm. b) monocyte, lymphocyte

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9
Q

What of the 5 major types of white blood cell are phagocytes?

A

monocytes, neutrophils

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10
Q

1) What is the name of monocytes in tissues? 2) what do basophils develop into? 3) the resultant cell of 2 was thought to release a substance but not anymore, what was that substance?

A

1) macrophages 2) mast cells 3) histamine

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11
Q

1)What are the 2 lineages of leukocytes? 2) Which line produces which of the 5 major cell types of leukocytes?

A

myeloid line and lymphoid line 2) a) Lymphoid= lymphocytes b) myeloid= monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

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12
Q

1)What are the 2 lineages of leukocytes? 2) Which line produces which of the 5 major cell types of leukocytes?

A

myeloid line and lymphoid line 2) a) Lymphoid= lymphocytes b) myeloid= monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

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13
Q

What is a progenitor cell?

A

a cell that is the commiited form of the white blood cell it will form in that cell’s lineage

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14
Q

A) What stages of forming a white blood cell in general: B) what is the only exception to these stages:

A

1)Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell (PHSC) specialises into a myeloid or lymphoid stem cell (the other daughter stem cell remains a PHSC) 2) this specialises into other non-commmited stem cells 2) this eventually specialise into a committed stem cell called a progenitor cell, 3) differentiates into some other cells in the bone marrow (e.g. erythroblast and megakaryocyte) then enters blood as target cell B) erythrocytes specialise from reticulocytes in blood and not in bone marrow, so it is not “target” cell that enters blood in the case of erythrocytes

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15
Q

What is a progenitor cell?

A

a cell that is the commited form of the white blood cell it will form in that cell’s lineage

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16
Q

A) What stages of forming a white blood cell in general: B) what is the only exception to these stages:

A

1)Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell (PHSC) specialises into a myeloid or lymphoid stem cell (the other daughter stem cell remains a PHSC) 2) this specialises into other non-commmited stem cells 2) this eventually specialise into a committed stem cell called a progenitor cell, 3) differentiates into some other cells in the bone marrow (e.g. erythroblast and megakaryocyte) then enters blood as target cell B) erythrocytes specialise from reticulocytes in blood and not in bone marrow, so it is not “target” cell that enters blood in the case of erythrocytes

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17
Q

What are the 3 lymphocytes?

A

natural killer cells ( larger granular lymphocyte), T cells (small lymphocyte), B cells (small lymohocyte)

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18
Q

1)In the active marrow, give the percentages of red blood cells and white blood cells that are formed: 2) WHy is this the case? 3) How long do RBC survive for? 4)What is the half life of neutrophils? 5) How many neutrohils must we make per day?

A

1)25% are destined to be red blood cells, 75%, white blood cells 2) leukocytes have a shorter life span so require more frequent replacing 3) up to 4 months 4) 6 hours 5) 100 million

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19
Q

What stimulates haematopoiesis?

A

cytokines which are peptides/proteins that are cell signalling molecules

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20
Q

Name 3 cytokines that stimulate haematopoiesis?

A

1) Erythropoietin(EPO) 2) Thrombopoietin(TPO 3) Colony-stimulating factors, 4) interleukins 5) stem cell factor

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21
Q

!)Where is Erythropoietin(EPO) synthesised? 2) WHat causes it to be produced? 3) WHat is its effect?

A

1) Kidney cells primarily, 2) Hypoxia factor one s switched on at low O2 conc of blood, it is a transcription factor that stimulates translation of gene coding for EPO 3) encourage production of RBC

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22
Q

A) What stages of forming a white blood cell in general: B) what is the only exception to these stages:

A

1)Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell (PHSC) specialises into a myeloid or lymphoid stem cell (the other daughter stem cell remains a PHSC) 2) this specialises into other non-commmited stem cells 2) this eventually specialise into a committed stem cell called a progenitor cell, 3) differentiates into some other cells in the bone marrow (e.g. erythroblast and megakaryocyte) then enters blood as target cell B) erythrocytes specialise from reticulocytes in blood and not in bone marrow, so it is not “target” cell that enters blood in the case of erythrocytes

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23
Q

1) Where are the following cytokines produced? 2) What can they do?

A

1) endothelium and fibroblasts of bone marrow, leukocytes (which is useful as it means stronger immune response as leukocytes can encourage production of more similiar leukocytes during infection) 2) mobilise haematopoietic stem cells and influence growth or differentiation of all types of blood cells

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24
Q

!)Where is Erythropoietin(EPO) synthesised? 2) WHat causes it to be produced? 3) WHat is its effect?

A

1) Kidney cells primarily, 2) hypoxia , low O2 conc. 3) encourage production of RBC

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25
Q

1) Where are the following cytokines produced? 2) What can they do?

colony stimulating factor

interleukins

stem cell

A

1) endothelium and fibroblasts of bone marrow, leukocytes (which is useful as it means stronger immune response as leukocytes can encourage production of more similiar leukocytes during infection) 2) mobilise haematopoietic stem cells and influence growth or differentiation of all types of blood cells

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26
Q

1)What is EPO? 2) what assists it in producing RBC? 3) How does hypoxia leas to production of EPO

A

1) a cytokine that is a glycoprotein 2) several cytokines 3) switches on transcription factor, Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1), encourages transcription of EPO gene= increase in RBC and therefore haemoglobin

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27
Q

What is the difference between hematopoiesis and erythropoiesis?

A

hematopoiesis is the overall process of the production of blood cells while erythropoiesis is a part of hematopoiesis which synthesizes red blood cells or erythrocytes.

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28
Q

What does Thrombopoietin(TPO) do? WHere is TPO produced?

A

1) a) stimlates platelet production by stimulating growth and maturation of megakaryocytes from megakaryoblasts ( progenitor cell ) 2) liver mainly but also kidney

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29
Q

What is the difference between hematopoiesis and erythropoiesis?

A

hematopoiesis is the overall process of the production of blood cells while erythropoiesis is a part of hematopoiesis which synthesizes red blood cells or erythrocytes.

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30
Q

Explain the stages of formation of RBC from progenitor cells ( name the cell as well):

A

1) the progenitor cell for RB cells is called proerythroblasts this developes into an erythroblast 2) erythroblasts pinch of the nucleus. Fully differentiated erythrocytes lack a nucleus 3) erythrocyte enters blood and is now called reticulocyte. 4) reticulocyte then loses mitochondria and ribosomes.

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31
Q

1)What removes RBC that have swollen and become rigid and fragile? 2) WHen does this happen to RBC?

A

1) tight network of vessels in the spleen and liver 2) after around 120 days since produced

32
Q

1)What is the role of thrombopoietin (TPO) in thrombogenesis? 2) How does this form platelets? 3) Describe the negative feedback loop that prevents overproduction of platelets?

A

1)stimulates megakaryocyte to develope, 2)spindly part of megakaryocyte snap off = platelets 3)Platelets bind TPO and destroy it thus generating a negative feedback loop

33
Q

1)What is the function of colony-stimulating factors? 2) What produces it? 3) What are the 3 types of colony-stimulating factors in leukopoiesis? 4) Why is it good that white blood cells can produce CSF?

A

1) Stimulate generation and development of leukocytes (white blood cells) 2) endothelial cells, bone marrow fibroblasts, white blood cells 3) Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) 4) allows production to be specific as WBC can produce cytokines that will produce similiar WBC that may be more effective at combating infection

34
Q

1) What activates growth and maturation of neutrophils? WBC

A

1)Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF),and Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)

35
Q

1) What activates growth and maturation of monocytes? WBC

A

macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)

36
Q

1) What activates growth and maturation of neutrophils? WBC 2) What can inhibit the production of this cell?

A

1)Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF),and Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) 2) hormones, antibiotics and alcohol

37
Q

1) What activates growth and maturation of monocytes? WBC
2) What inhibits these cytokines?

A

macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) 2) hormones, antibiotics and alcohol

38
Q

1) What activates growth and maturation of basophil? WBC 2) What can inhibit the production of this cell?

A

1)Interleukin 3, (IL-3) 2) hormones, antibiotics and alcohol

39
Q

1) What activates growth and maturation of eosinophil? WBC 2) What can inhibit the production of this cell?

A

1)Interleukin 5, (IL-5) 2) hormones, antibiotics and alcohol

40
Q

What agranulocytes are present in blood?

A

monocytes and lymphocytes

41
Q

Describe WBC count during a bacterial infection:

A

high count overal with more neutrophils and monocytes( as they are phagocytes)

42
Q

Describe WBC count during a viral infection:

A

high, normal or low count with increased lymphocytes

43
Q

1) What is granulopoiesis? 2) What is the 1st recognisable cell type of granulopoiesis?

A

the development of the granulocytic white blood cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. 2) myeloblasts

44
Q

Describe how neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are formed from myeloblasts:

A

1) The myeloblast enlarges and differentiates to the promyelocyte. 2)specific granules begin to appear (eosinophilic granules in the eosinophilic leucocytes, basophilic granules in the basophilic granulocytes and neutrophilic granules in the neutrophilic leucocytes). 3) further differentiation into their cells

45
Q

What is the most abundant leukocyte?

A

neutrophils

46
Q

What do granules of neutrophils contain? Why do they require this?

A

lysosomal enzeymes 2) for phagocytosis

47
Q

Which cell types has blue granules? 2) What do the granules contain?

A

basophils 2) contain histamine, heparin, peroxidases

48
Q

Which cell types has red granules? 2) What do the granules contain?

A

Eosinophils, has 2)granules contain major basic protein which stain binds to making it red

49
Q

1) What is the role of eosinophils? 2) What do they have a role in?

A

1) fight parasites and viruses 2) allergic reactions

50
Q

What is the function of major basic protein? 1)a)against b)toxic toward..?? 2) causes the release..from.. 3)activates…

A

1)a) potent enzyme against helminths (parasitic worms) 1)b) potent enzyme that is toxic towards bacteria and mammalian cells in vitro. 2) causes the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils, 3) activates neutrophils and alveolar macrophages.

51
Q

monopoiesis si the process…

A

of formation of monocytes

52
Q

The first committed cell along the monocyte development tract is the ________a_______. They develop into ____b___, a large cell with a slightly dented ___c__. These develop into______d_____. This all occurs in the __e_

A

a) monoblast. b) promonocyte c) nucleus d) mature monocytes e) bone marrow The first committed cell along the monocyte development tract is the monoblast. Monoblasts develop into promonocyte, a large cell with a slightly indented nucleus. Promonocytes develop into mature monocytes

53
Q

1) Once mature monocytes are formed in bone marrow they migrate to ____a____. Upon stimulation, they develop into ____b____. 2) What does b do?

A

1) a) peripheral tissues b) macrophages 2) These phagocytose pathogens and debris and present antigens to lymphocytes.

54
Q

What is required to make individual cells?

A

committed precursors

55
Q

1)What is required to make lymphocytes? (what is this cells committed precursor called?) 2) What can this cell develop into? 3) What makes lymphocytes easy to identify?

A

1)common lymphoid precursor 2)pro-B cell or a pro-T cell. 3) their large nucleus

56
Q

1)a) What does CD stand for in CD surface molecules? B) What is a CD marker? 2) CD surface molecules are used to ________ and _______ specific cells

A

1) a) Cluster of Differentiation (CD) b) cell surface markers useful for the identification and characterization of leukocytes. 2) CD surface molecules are used to- differentiate and also purify -specific cells

57
Q

1)What is immunophenotyping of cells? 2) How many CD markers have been identified through this method?

A

1) the analysis of heterogeneous populations of cells for the purpose of identifying the presence and proportions of the various populations of interest. 2) 300

58
Q

What is the CD marker for 1) stem cells 2) T Helper cells 3) Cytotoxid T cells

A

1) CD34 2) CD4 3) CD8

59
Q

What is the CD marker for 1) B cells 2) All leukocytes

A

1) CD20 2) CD45

60
Q

WHat is this cells CD marker: Stem cells

A

CD34

61
Q

WHat is this cells CD marker: T helper cells

A

CD4

62
Q

WHat is this cells CD marker: Cytotoxic T cells

A

CD8

63
Q

WHat is this cells CD marker: B cells

A

CD20

64
Q

WHat is this cells CD marker: All leukocytes

A

45

65
Q

1) Why do we need bone marrow transplants? 2) What conditions will patients have that mean you require it?

A

1)fundementaly need more blood cells as you need the PHSC (pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell). 2) 1-Bone marrow failure (severe aplastic anaemia) 2-Genetic and immune system blood disorders (e.g. sickle cell , thalassaemia) 3-Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (spreads through lymphatics)(type of cancer of lymphocytes= tf. no longer function) 4-Leukaemia ( cancer in bone marrow= overproduction of mutated leukocytes) 5- cancer patients who have received chemotherapy treatment (chemo. destroys their own stem cells)

66
Q

What is leukaemia? 2) What does it cause? 3) what are the 2 cell types that can be effected?

A

Cancer of the white blood cells where they replicate in an uncontrollable manner 2)underdeveloped and diminished infection control 3)progenitor cell of BC (not lymphocytes tho.) called myeloid and immature forms of lymphocytes

67
Q

What is the difference between chronic and acute leukemia?

A

1) in acute WBC cannot mature at all, in chronic they can mature partly 2) without treament in acute will survive a few months in chronic for many years 3) in acute most patients cured, in chronic it is harder to cure 4) acute kills you as you don’t have mature WBC, chronic as over time less effective mutated WBC ive longer, build up, and crowd out normal cells

68
Q

What are the names fo the 4 types of leukemia?

A

1) acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) 2) acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) 3) chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) 4) chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)

69
Q

what are the oral manifestations of leukaemia?

A

1)Purpura, gingival bleeding 2)Candidiasis, herpes infection 3)Oral ulceration 4)Gingival swelling

70
Q

what is the cell type?

A

basophil

71
Q

What is the cell type?

A

Eosinophil

72
Q

What is the cell type?

A

mature monocytes

73
Q

What is the cell type?

A

monoblast

74
Q

What is the cell type?

A

neutrophil

75
Q

What is the cell type?

A

promonocyte

76
Q

Identify which RBC these are:

Hint: myeloblast is precursor

A

1) eosinophils
2) basophils
3) band neutrophils

Stage 1 Blood (7 decks)

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