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Cytogenetics > BIV. Genetic Material: DNA and RNA > Flashcards

BIV. Genetic Material: DNA and RNA Flashcards

1
Q

The unit structure of all living things is the [?]. Suspended in the nuclei of cells are [?], which consist largely of proteins and nucleic acids.

A

cell
chromosomes

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2
Q

A simple protein bonded to a nucleic acid is called a [?]. Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides and contains either the sugar [?] the sugar [?]. Accordingly, they are called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) respectively.

A
  • nucleoprotein
  • -
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3
Q

Macromolecules which were first discovered in the nuclei of cells, which contain all the information to direct the activities of a cell and its reproduction

A

Nucleic acids

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4
Q

o Knowledge of the structure and function of [?] is essential in understanding genetics and many aspects of disease, pathophysiology, as well as the genetic basis of the disease

A

nucleic acid

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5
Q

DNA Structure

A

o Nitrogenous base
o 5-carbon sugar
o Phosphate ester

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6
Q

Nitrogenous bases:

A
  1. Purines
  2. Pyrimidines
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7
Q
  1. Purines:
  2. Pyrimidines:
A

-Adenine and Guanine
-Cytosine, Uracil (RNA), Thymine

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8
Q

nitrogen base combined with 5 of nucleic acids

A

Nucleoside

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9
Q

Adenosine = Adenine + ribose

A

Nucleoside

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10
Q

Example: Adenosine monophosphate = adenine + ribose + PO4

A

Nucleotide

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11
Q

nucleoside joined with a phosphate group (Sugar + base)

A

Nucleotide

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12
Q

ADENINE

A

Adenosine
Adenylic Acid

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13
Q

GUANINE

A

Guanosine
Guanylic acid

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14
Q

CYTOSINE

A

Cytidine
Cytidylic acid

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15
Q

THYMINE

A

Thymidine
Thymidykc acid

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16
Q

URACIL

A

Uridine
Uridylic acid

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17
Q

These are proteins conjugated with a nucleic acid (as a DNA) and is the principal constituent of the hereditary material in chromosomes

A

Nucleoproteins

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18
Q

They are also found in the cytoplasm (particularly in the ribosomes synthesis)

A

Nucleoproteins

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19
Q

Present in all living cells

A

Nucleoproteins

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20
Q

Importance of Nucleoproteins - they are closely associated with [?]

A

chromosomes

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21
Q

Properties of Nucleoproteins:
[?]
Soluble in [?] with which they form salts.
Precipitated from solutions by [?] but are redissolved by dilute HCl
Not coagulated by [?]
Exhibit similar precipitation and color reactions with [?]

A

Acidic
alkalies
acetic acid
heat
proteins

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22
Q

Functions of Nucleoproteins:

A
  1. Duplication
  2. Storage, expression and transmission of genetic information
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23
Q

Deoxyribose: Pyrimidine bases

A

Cytosine and Thymine

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24
Q

Deoxyribose: Purine bases

A

Adenine and Guanine

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25
Q

Deoxyribose: Phosphate group

A

Present

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26
Q

Deoxyribose: Location

A

Nucleus, mitochondria, bacteria, viruses

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27
Q

Deoxyribose: Structure

A

Linear or circular

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28
Q

Deoxyribose: Feulgen’s test

A

Red

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29
Q

Deoxyribose: Dische test

A

Blue

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30
Q

Deoxyribose: Aniline

A

Red

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31
Q

Deoxyribose: Orcinol test

A

Negative

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32
Q

Ribose: Pyrimidine bases

A

Cytosine and Uracil

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33
Q

Ribose: Purine bases

A

Adenine and Guanine

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34
Q

Ribose: Phosphate group

A

Present

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35
Q

Ribose: Location

A

Cytoplasm, ribosomes, Nucleolus, bacteria, viruses

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36
Q

Ribose: Structure

A

Branched

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37
Q

Ribose: Feulgen’s test

A

Negative

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38
Q

Ribose: Dische test

A

Negative

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39
Q

Ribose: Aniline

A

Negative

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40
Q

Ribose: Orcinol test

A

Green

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41
Q

Nucleic acid composition:

A

Sugar (pentose)
Phosphate (from phosphoric acid)
Nitrogenous base (Purine and Pyrimidine)

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42
Q

− A 5carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)

A

Sugar (pentose)

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43
Q

− Green Has a very acidic property which gives nucleic acids their acidity

A

Phosphate (from phosphoric acid)

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44
Q

Nitrogenous base

A

(Purine and Pyrimidine)

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45
Q

o DNA is a polymeric substance made up of four nucleotides (A, G, C, T).

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

46
Q

o The size of the [?] varies with the complexity of the organism; more complex organisms tend to have larger DNAs – for example, simple bacteria like Ohave about 8 million nucleotides in their DNA, while human DNA contains up to 500 million nucleotides

A

DNA polymer

47
Q

is the predominant conformation (twisted ladder structure) of DNA

A

o Double helix

48
Q

o The 2 strands of the DNA structure is [?] - each has an opposite polarity to the other

A

Anti parallel

49
Q

o The [?] component of the DNA is located on the side of the ladder

A

sugar-PO4

50
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

o Nitrogenous bases are connected by [?] (located on the steps of the ladder)

A

H bonds

51
Q

The 2 strands are held together by

A

Complementary base pairing

52
Q

• A = T (DNA)
• A = U (RNA)
• G = C

A

Complementary base pairing

53
Q

There are always the same number of A bases and T bases and G as C

A

Complementary base pairing

54
Q

o The base composition of the DNA of all organisms is CONSTANT

A

DNA: Chargaff’s rule

55
Q

o The amount of purine bases is always equal to the amount of pyrimidine bases (1:1 ratio)

A

DNA: Chargaff’s rule

56
Q

o The structure of DNA, according to Watson and Crick, consists of two polymeric strands of nucleotides in the form of a (?) with both nucleotide strands coiled around the same axis.

A

double helix

57
Q

o Along each strand are alternate [?] and [?], with one of the four bases – adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine attached to deoxyribose as a side group

A

phosphate
deoxyribose units

58
Q

is held together by hydrogen bonds extending from the base on one strand of the double helix to a complementary base on the other strand.

A

double helix

59
Q

o The four bases are [?] in their ring structures.

A

flat

60
Q

o The structure of the [?] has been likened to a ladder that is twisted into a double helix, with the rungs of the ladder kept perpendicular to the twisted railings

A

DNA

61
Q

o The [?] and [?] alternate along the two railings of the ladder, and two nitrogen bases form each rung of the ladder

A

phosphate and deoxyribose units

62
Q

o Stores all the information about the proteins that make-up the organism

A

DNA: genetic material

63
Q

o (?) DNA segment that codes for the biosynthesis of specific protein

A

Gene

64
Q

is the biochemical process by which DNA molecules produce exact duplicates of themselves

A

o DNA replication

65
Q

o Each time the cell divides, an exact copy of the DNA of the parent cell is needed for the new daughter cell

A

o DNA replication

66
Q
  • causes the DNA helix to unwind
A
  1. DNA helicase
67
Q
  • Joins Okazaki fragments together
A
  1. DNA ligase
68
Q
  • catalyzes the formation of a new phosphodiester linkage between the nuceotide and the growing strand
A
  1. DNA polymerase
69
Q

– short segments of the DNA molecule

A

▪ Okazaki fragments

70
Q

− The enzyme HELICASE causes the two strands to unwind, producing two separate strands

A

o Step 1

71
Q

− Free nucleotides pair with their complementary base on the template strands by means of hydrogen bonds

A

o Step 2

72
Q

− DNA polymerase joins the newly attached nucleotides to create one continuous strand in the 5’ to 3’ direction

A

o Step 3

73
Q

− The other strand is formed in short segments (Okazaki fragments) in the 3’ to 5’ direction. The segments are joined together by DNA ligase

A

o Step 4

74
Q

− Single-stranded

A

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

75
Q

: serves as the backbone of its structure

A

− Ribose-PO4

76
Q

− Nitrogenous bases are variable and stick out from the backbone

A

Ribonucleic acid (RNA

77
Q

− Ratio is NOT always 1:1 (does not follow the Chargaff’s rule)

A

Ribonucleic acid (RNA

78
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA

– instead of thymine

A

Uracil

79
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

− Sugar :

A

ribose

80
Q

− Can have a secondary structure:

A

hairpins, step-loop structure

81
Q

Note: are classified according to their structure and function

A

RNA molecules

82
Q

is the sugar unit in RNA

A

Ribose

83
Q

is replaced by uracil in RNA.

A

Thymine

84
Q

is single stranded, thus it does not contain equal amounts of specific bases

A

UracilRNA

85
Q

The RNA is much [?] than the DNA (from 75

A

smaller

86
Q

RNA: Functions
Serves as the [?] of genetic information to the site of protein synthesis (mRNA)
Essential component of the [?]
Serves as the genetic material for some [?]

A

carrier
ribosomes
viruses

87
Q

Messenger RNA
Amount:
No. of nucleotides:

A

15%
1200

88
Q

Transfer/Soluble RNA
Amount:
No. of nucleotides:

A

5%
75

89
Q

Ribosomal RNA
Amount:
No. of nucleotides:

A

80%
1800

90
Q

– carries the genetic code to the cytoplasm for the formation of protein

A

mRNA

91
Q

transfers the amino acid molecules to the ribosomes during protein synthesis

A

tRNA

92
Q

constitute 40-50% of the ribosomes (attached to the ER for protein synthesis);

A

rRNA

93
Q

Function is structural and may also be catalytic for some translation reactions

A

rRNA

94
Q

Three Stages of Protein Synthesis:

A

Transcription
Translation
Formation of Polypeptide chain

95
Q

Describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to Proteins

A

The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

96
Q

DNA Replication → Transcription → Translation

A

The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

97
Q

: groups of 3 adjacent bases that specify an amino acid

A

▪ Codons/Coding triplet

98
Q

▪ Most amino acids are coded for by

A

more than one codon

99
Q

: stop/termination codons (code for the termination of translation)

A

▪ UAA, UAG, UGA

100
Q

▪ The [?] are more significant and important.

A

first 2 bases

101
Q

▪ The [?] is variable and sensitive to mutation

A

3rd base

102
Q

= start codon

A

▪ AUG

103
Q

: stop/termination codons (code for the termination of translation)

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

104
Q

The [?] are more significant and important

A

first 2 bases

105
Q

2 Types of Nucleoproteins

A
  • Histones
  • Protamine
106
Q

: major protein that condenses the sperm; replaces histones

A
  • Protamine
107
Q

: weak bond

A
  • Phosphodiester bond
108
Q

: between nitrogenous bases

A
  • Hydrogen bond
109
Q

: synthesize from 5’ to 3’ or few strands of RNA

A
  • PRIMASE
110
Q

: towards replication fork

A
  • LEADING STRAND
111
Q

: away replication fork

A
  • LAGGING STRAND

Cytogenetics (11 decks)

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