AI. Origin and Importance of Genetics; Contributions of Genetics to Various Disciplines

Question 1

Genetics began with the study of how the (?) of organisms are passed from parents to offspring – that is, how they are inherited.

Answer 1

characteristics

Question 2

Until the middle of the (?), no one knew for sure what the hereditary material was.

Answer 2

twentieth century

Question 3

However, geneticists, recognized that this material had to fulfill three requirements. First, it had to (?) so that copies could be transmitted from parents to offspring. Second, it had to (?) to guide the development, functioning, and behavior of cells and the organisms to which they belong. Third, it had to (?), even if only once in a great while, to account for the differences that exist among individuals.

Answer 3

replicate
encode information
change

Question 4

For several decades, geneticists wondered what the hereditary material could be. In (?), the structure of DNA was elucidated and genetics had its great clarifying moment.

Answer 4

1953

Question 5

In a relatively short time, researchers discovered how DNA functions as the (?)– that is, how it replicates, how it encodes and expresses information, and how it changes. These discoveries ushered in a new phase of genetics in which phenomena could be explained at the molecular level.

Answer 5

hereditary material

Question 6

In time, geneticists learned how to analyze the DNA of (?), including our own. This progress – from studies of heredity to studies of whole genomes – has been amazing.

Answer 6

whole genomes

Question 7

Joint announcement of the theory of natural selection

Answer 7

Charles Darwin
Alfred R. Wallace

Question 8

Published the Origin of Species

Answer 8

Charles Darwin

Question 9

• Published the results of his investigations of the inheritance of “factors” in pea plants

Answer 9

Gregor Mendel

Question 10

inheritance of “factors” in pea plants

Answer 10

o Units of inheritance in pairs
o Dominance and recessiveness
o Equal segregation
o Independent assortment

Question 11

• Isolated “nucleic acid” from pus cells

Answer 11

Friedrich Miescher

Question 12

• First called as “nuclein”

Answer 12

Friedrich Miescher

Question 13

• Published the first illustration of chromosomes in 1882

Answer 13

Walther Flemming

Question 14

• Chromatin is the stainable portion of the nucleus

Answer 14

Walther Flemming

Question 15

• First to use the term “mitosis”

Answer 15

Walther Flemming

Question 16

He introduced the word “chromosome”

Answer 16

Waldeyer

Question 17

Mendel’s principles were independently rediscovered and verified, marking the beginning of modern genetics

Answer 17

Carl Correns
Hugo de Vries
Erich von Tschermak

Question 18

Translates Mendel’s paper to English

Answer 18

Gregory Bateson

Question 19

• Pointed out the interrelationships between cytology and Mendelism, closing the gap between cell morphology and heredity

Answer 19

Walter Sutton

Question 20

• Chromosome theory of inheritance

Answer 20

Walter Sutton

Question 21

• Discovered linkage between genes

Answer 21

Gregory Bateson

Question 22

• Also coins the word “genetics”

Answer 22

Gregory Bateson

Question 23

• Independently described the behavior of sex chromosomes

Answer 23

Nettie Stevens
Edmund Wilson

Question 24

o XX determines
o XY determines

Answer 24

female
male

Question 25

• Proposed that some human diseases are due to “inborn errors of metabolism” that result from the lack of a specific enzyme

Answer 25

Archibald Garrod

Question 26

• Discovered Alkaptonuria

Answer 26

Archibald Garrod

Question 27

• Proposed a theory of sex-linked inheritance for the first mutation discovered in the fruit fly, 'VLwhite eye

Answer 27

Thomas Hunt Morgan

Question 28

• This was followed by the gene theory, including the principle of linkage

Answer 28

Thomas Hunt Morgan

Question 29

• Irradiated the red bread mold, 1V and proved that the gene produces its effect by regulating particular enzymes

Answer 29

George Beadle Edward Tatum

Question 30

• 1 gene encodes 1 protein

Answer 30

George Beadle Edward Tatum

Question 31

• Reported that they had purified the transforming principle in Griffith’s experiment and that it was DNA

Answer 31

Oswald Avery Colin MacLeod Maclyn McCarty

Question 32

o is the molecule that mediates heredity

Answer 32

DNA

Question 33

Genetic material can be transferred laterally between bacterial cells

Answer 33

Lederberg and Tatum

Question 34

Discovered a one-to-one ratio of adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine in DNA samples from a variety of organisms

Answer 34

Erwin Chargaff

Question 35

Obtained sharp X-ray diffraction photographs of DNA

Answer 35

Rosalind Franklin

Question 36

Solved the three-dimensional structure of the DNA molecule

Answer 36

Francis Crick James Watson Maurice Wilkins

Question 37

Discovered Trisomy 13 aka Patau’s syndrome

Answer 37

Patau et. al

Question 38

Discovered Trisomy 18 aka E syndrome

Answer 38

Edwards et. al

Question 39

Discovered Philadelphia chromosome – seen in chronic myelogenous leukemia

Answer 39

Nowell and Hungerford

Question 40

Produced the first recombinant DNA molecules

Answer 40

Paul Berg Herb Boyer

Question 41

Showed that a recombinant DNA molecule can be maintained and replicated in E. coli

Answer 41

Annie Chang Stanley Cohen

Question 42

Developed the chain termination method for sequencing DNA

Answer 42

Fred Sanger

Question 43

Used blood samples collected by Nancy Wexler and her co-workers to demonstrate that the Huntington’s disease gene is on chromosome 4

Answer 43

James Gusella

Question 44

Published a paper describing the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the most sensitive assay for DNA yet devised.

Answer 44

Kary B. Mullis

Question 45

Coined the term DNA fingerprinting and was the first to use DNA polymorphism in paternity, immigration, and murder cases.

Answer 45

Alec Jeffreys

Question 46

Identified the gene coding for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR) on chromosome 7 that, when mutant, causes cystic fibrosis

Answer 46

Francis Collins Lap-Chee Tsui

Question 47

First gene replacement therapy-T cells of a four-year old girl were exposed outside of her body to retroviruses containing an RNA copy of a normal ADA gene. This allowed her immune system to begin functioning. Beginning of genome projects

Question 48

Completion of the human genome

Question 49

− Observable characteristics that makes you a member of a certain species

Question 50

− Characteristics that make one individual member of a species different from another

Answer 50

Individual characteristics

Question 51

− Can produce individual differences

Question 52

– Determines your potential

Answer 52

Heredity

Question 53

– influences the extent to which that potential is achieved

Answer 53

Environment

Question 54

➢ For diagnosis, treatment, prevention and cure for many illnesses

Question 55

➢ Improving (?)

Answer 55

crop technology

Question 56

➢ Manufacture of synthetic human insulin thru the use of modified bacteria (?)

Answer 56

(FOplasmids)

Question 57

➢ Manufacture of (?) in hamster’s ovary cells

Answer 57

erythropoietin

Question 58

➢ Production of new types of experimental mice such as the (?) (cancer mouse for research)

Answer 58

oncomouse

Question 59

➢ Created the (?) as a replacement for a drug that was previously extracted from human cadavers

Answer 59

human growth hormone

Question 60

➢ In (?), the FDA approved the first genetically engineered vaccine for humans for Hepatitis B

Answer 60

1987

Question 61

➢ The protein (?), which helps fight viral infections and possibly cancer, has been produced by recombinant DNA

Answer 61

interferon

Question 62

➢ Creation of (?) such as food and vegetables that resist pest and bacterial infection and have longer freshness than otherwise

Answer 62

genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

Question 63

➢ Has the potential to (?) human beings, appearance, adaptability, intelligence, character and behavior

Answer 63

change

Question 64

Classical genetics has provided physicians with a long list of diseases that are caused by (?)

Answer 64

mutant genes

Question 65

In 1909, (?), a British physician and biochemist, published a book entitled (?). In this book he documented how metabolic abnormalities can be traced to mutant alleles. His research was (?), and in the next several decades, a large number of inherited human disorders were identified and catalogued.

Answer 65

Archibald Garrod “Inborn errors of metabolism” seminal

Question 66

From this work, physicians have learned to diagnose genetic diseases, to trace them through families, and to predict the chances that particular individuals might inherit them.

Answer 66

“Inborn errors of metabolism”