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Cytogenetics > AI. Origin and Importance of Genetics; Contributions of Genetics to Various Disciplines > Flashcards

AI. Origin and Importance of Genetics; Contributions of Genetics to Various Disciplines Flashcards

1
Q

Genetics began with the study of how the (?) of organisms are passed from parents to offspring – that is, how they are inherited.

A

characteristics

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2
Q

Until the middle of the (?), no one knew for sure what the hereditary material was.

A

twentieth century

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3
Q

However, geneticists, recognized that this material had to fulfill three requirements. First, it had to (?) so that copies could be transmitted from parents to offspring. Second, it had to (?) to guide the development, functioning, and behavior of cells and the organisms to which they belong. Third, it had to (?), even if only once in a great while, to account for the differences that exist among individuals.

A

replicate
encode information
change

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4
Q

For several decades, geneticists wondered what the hereditary material could be. In (?), the structure of DNA was elucidated and genetics had its great clarifying moment.

A

1953

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5
Q

In a relatively short time, researchers discovered how DNA functions as the (?)– that is, how it replicates, how it encodes and expresses information, and how it changes. These discoveries ushered in a new phase of genetics in which phenomena could be explained at the molecular level.

A

hereditary material

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6
Q

In time, geneticists learned how to analyze the DNA of (?), including our own. This progress – from studies of heredity to studies of whole genomes – has been amazing.

A

whole genomes

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7
Q

Joint announcement of the theory of natural selection

A

Charles Darwin
Alfred R. Wallace

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8
Q

Published the Origin of Species

A

Charles Darwin

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9
Q

• Published the results of his investigations of the inheritance of “factors” in pea plants

A

Gregor Mendel

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10
Q

inheritance of “factors” in pea plants

A

o Units of inheritance in pairs
o Dominance and recessiveness
o Equal segregation
o Independent assortment

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11
Q

• Isolated “nucleic acid” from pus cells

A

Friedrich Miescher

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12
Q

• First called as “nuclein”

A

Friedrich Miescher

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13
Q

• Published the first illustration of chromosomes in 1882

A

Walther Flemming

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14
Q

• Chromatin is the stainable portion of the nucleus

A

Walther Flemming

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15
Q

• First to use the term “mitosis”

A

Walther Flemming

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16
Q

He introduced the word “chromosome”

A

Waldeyer

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17
Q

Mendel’s principles were independently rediscovered and verified, marking the beginning of modern genetics

A

Carl Correns
Hugo de Vries
Erich von Tschermak

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18
Q

Translates Mendel’s paper to English

A

Gregory Bateson

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19
Q

• Pointed out the interrelationships between cytology and Mendelism, closing the gap between cell morphology and heredity

A

Walter Sutton

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20
Q

• Chromosome theory of inheritance

A

Walter Sutton

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21
Q

• Discovered linkage between genes

A

Gregory Bateson

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22
Q

• Also coins the word “genetics”

A

Gregory Bateson

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23
Q

• Independently described the behavior of sex chromosomes

A

Nettie Stevens
Edmund Wilson

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24
Q

o XX determines
o XY determines

A

female
male

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25
Q

• Proposed that some human diseases are due to “inborn errors of metabolism” that result from the lack of a specific enzyme

A

Archibald Garrod

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26
Q

• Discovered Alkaptonuria

A

Archibald Garrod

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27
Q

• Proposed a theory of sex-linked inheritance for the first mutation discovered in the fruit fly, ‘VLwhite eye

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

28
Q

• This was followed by the gene theory, including the principle of linkage

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

29
Q

• Irradiated the red bread mold, 1V and proved that the gene produces its effect by regulating particular enzymes

A

George Beadle
Edward Tatum

30
Q

• 1 gene encodes 1 protein

A

George Beadle
Edward Tatum

31
Q

• Reported that they had purified the transforming principle in Griffith’s experiment and that it was DNA

A

Oswald Avery
Colin MacLeod
Maclyn McCarty

32
Q

o is the molecule that mediates heredity

A

DNA

33
Q

Genetic material can be transferred laterally between bacterial cells

A

Lederberg and Tatum

34
Q

Discovered a one-to-one ratio of adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine in DNA samples from a variety of organisms

A

Erwin Chargaff

35
Q

Obtained sharp X-ray diffraction photographs of DNA

A

Rosalind Franklin

36
Q

Solved the three-dimensional structure of the DNA molecule

A

Francis Crick
James Watson
Maurice Wilkins

37
Q

Discovered Trisomy 13 aka Patau’s syndrome

A

Patau et. al

38
Q

Discovered Trisomy 18 aka E syndrome

A

Edwards et. al

39
Q

Discovered Philadelphia chromosome – seen in chronic myelogenous leukemia

A

Nowell and Hungerford

40
Q

Produced the first recombinant DNA molecules

A

Paul Berg
Herb Boyer

41
Q

Showed that a recombinant DNA molecule can be maintained and replicated in E. coli

A

Annie Chang
Stanley Cohen

42
Q

Developed the chain termination method for sequencing DNA

A

Fred Sanger

43
Q

Used blood samples collected by Nancy Wexler and her co-workers to demonstrate that the Huntington’s disease gene is on chromosome 4

A

James Gusella

44
Q

Published a paper describing the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the most sensitive assay for DNA yet devised.

A

Kary B. Mullis

45
Q

Coined the term DNA fingerprinting and was the first to use DNA polymorphism in paternity, immigration, and murder cases.

A

Alec Jeffreys

46
Q

Identified the gene coding for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR) on chromosome 7 that, when mutant, causes cystic fibrosis

A

Francis Collins
Lap-Chee Tsui

47
Q

First gene replacement therapy-T cells of a four-year old girl were exposed outside of her body to retroviruses containing an RNA copy of a normal ADA gene. This allowed her immune system to begin functioning. Beginning of genome projects

A
48
Q

Completion of the human genome

A
49
Q

− Observable characteristics that makes you a member of a certain species

A
50
Q

− Characteristics that make one individual member of a species different from another

A

Individual characteristics

51
Q

− Can produce individual differences

A
52
Q

– Determines your potential

A

Heredity

53
Q

– influences the extent to which that potential is achieved

A

Environment

54
Q

➢ For diagnosis, treatment, prevention and cure for many illnesses

A
55
Q

➢ Improving (?)

A

crop technology

56
Q

➢ Manufacture of synthetic human insulin thru the use of modified bacteria (?)

A

(FOplasmids)

57
Q

➢ Manufacture of (?) in hamster’s ovary cells

A

erythropoietin

58
Q

➢ Production of new types of experimental mice such as the (?) (cancer mouse for research)

A

oncomouse

59
Q

➢ Created the (?) as a replacement for a drug that was previously extracted from human cadavers

A

human growth hormone

60
Q

➢ In (?), the FDA approved the first genetically engineered vaccine for humans for Hepatitis B

A

1987

61
Q

➢ The protein (?), which helps fight viral infections and possibly cancer, has been produced by recombinant DNA

A

interferon

62
Q

➢ Creation of (?) such as food and vegetables that resist pest and bacterial infection and have longer freshness than otherwise

A

genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

63
Q

➢ Has the potential to (?) human beings, appearance, adaptability, intelligence, character and behavior

A

change

64
Q

Classical genetics has provided physicians with a long list of diseases that are caused by (?)

A

mutant genes

65
Q

In 1909, (?), a British physician and biochemist, published a book entitled (?). In this book he documented how metabolic abnormalities can be traced to mutant alleles. His research was (?), and in the next several decades, a large number of inherited human disorders were identified and catalogued.

A

Archibald Garrod
“Inborn errors of metabolism”
seminal

66
Q

From this work, physicians have learned to diagnose genetic diseases, to trace them through families, and to predict the chances that particular individuals might inherit them.

A

“Inborn errors of metabolism”

Cytogenetics (11 decks)

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