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Health Policy Exam > Bite of Blood Safety > Flashcards

Bite of Blood Safety Flashcards

1
Q

What is environmental health

A

The theory and practice of assessing correcting controlling and preventing those factors in the environment that can potentially affect adversely the health of present and future generations

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2
Q

What are the five different aspects of environmental health

A
  1. Relationship between people and environment
  2. Systems-based, ecological approach
  3. Others focus on environemtnal conditions, controlling hazards or health-promoting environments
  4. chemical and physical hazards
  5. Social and built environments
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3
Q

What is the naylor report

A

Preparndeness are practiced by progessionals in our community espiclaly in relation to emerging infectious diesease, globalization and bioterrorism
Provides a frameowrk fo renewal of public healthh

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4
Q

What started the Naylor Report

A

The SARS crisis in the early 2000s

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5
Q

What is VBD

A

Infections that are transmitted to humans through the bite of an inficeted arthropod such as mosquito or tick

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6
Q

What diesease come form mosquito

A

West nile virus
Eastern Equine Enchpalitis
Zika

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7
Q

What diseases come from ticks

A

Lyme disease

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8
Q

What is in an important factor of VBD

A

Amplification factor

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9
Q

What is the West Nile Virus

A

Recognized in Africa in 1930s
Circulates between birs and bird-biting mosquitos

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10
Q

What are bridge vectors

A

Species of mosquitos that transmit the virus from birds to humans or horses

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11
Q

When was west nile first decteted

A

New york 1999 and spread across most of North America

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12
Q

When did WNV become of public health significance in Ontarion

A

2003

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13
Q

Is WNV a serious disease

A

Only for some of the population 80% are asympompatic and even smalelr of the population has inflammation of the brain and brain stem usually in immunocomporised and older people

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14
Q

What else effects the WNV

A

Climate and weather dependent dry summer fewer mosquitos in general hot wet summer more favourable for mosquitos

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15
Q

What year is always higher for ammount of disease

A

The first year because we do not know what we are dealing with

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16
Q

What are some aspects to understand when framing this problem

A

Nature of the condition - Potential or available test - alternative policy option
Risk to blood supply
Zero tolerance - precautionary principle
Cost of doing something vs not doing something

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17
Q

What is the precautionary principle

A

The idea that if people are harmed and you didn’t do anything you could get sued so you do something about it and try and reduce the ammount of harm

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18
Q

What is the rio declaration 1992 Pirnciple 15

A

In order to protect the environment the precautionary approach shall be widely applied by States according to their capabilites. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for posponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation

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19
Q

What are the 5 precautionary principle principles

A

Proportionality
Non-discrimination
Consistency
Examing costs and benefits
Subject to review

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20
Q

What is proportionality

A

You don’t want to kill a fly with a hand grendae it is proprotional to people that are not harmed

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21
Q

What it is non-discrmination

A

Comparable situations should be treated in the same way unless there are grounds for doing so

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22
Q

What is consistency

A

Measures should be of comparable scope/nature that are already taken and if it works then you can apply it

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23
Q

What is examing costs and benefits

A

Comparing costs of actions and lack of action in both the short and long term not just an economic cost-benefit analysis

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24
Q

What is subject to review

A

In light of new scientifc data you take all measures possible but as you learn more it starts to change

25
Q

When is the precuationary principle accepted

By the population

A

Typically supported by the population when the hazards are well established and understood by the population when there are gasps it can be convertisoral

26
Q

Whaat is risk management science

A

The systematic scientific identification evaluation and prioritzation of risks of adverse health effects resulting from human or environmental exposure to hazardous agents or situations and the economical application of resources to minimize monitor and control the probality and or impact of the adverse events

Data is constantly evaluates risks are stratified and costs are considered
Not always the obvious thing
Prevents the risk from becoming a hazard
Some cases we can not get ourselves away from the risk

27
Q

What is part of the risk characterization

A

Site-specific information
Hazard identfication
Toxicity assessment
Exposure assesment

28
Q

What are risk managment options

A

No further action
Emission control
Exposure control
remidation ( cleaning up the hazard)
Public Policy
Risk communication
(This is determined because of evaluation)

29
Q

What is apart of the failure models and effects analysis

A

Steps in the process
Failure modes (what could go wrong)
Failuire causes (why would the failure happen)
Failure effects (what would be the consequences of each failure)

30
Q

What is failure models

Proactive or reactive

A

Proactive

31
Q

What are never events

A

Incidents or events called never event these things hsould never happen in health care so you have procedures to prevent never events (operating on the wrong limb)

32
Q

What is FMEA

A

A way to proitize what to choose you want to deal with things that are severe and have a high occeurence could be less severe but have a high occeurence so you want to deal with it
Failure Modes and Effect Analysis

33
Q

What is the krever commission

A

Public inquiry federal level that managed the threat of Hepatits C and HIV via lood traunfusion to make sure that this never happened again
Reformed blood system has a success how it keeps us safe

34
Q

What caused the krever commission

A

Largest health catastrophe in Canadian history 1000 HIV and 30 000 Hep C via tranfusions in the late 1970s and 1980s

35
Q

What are the two aspects of the report that were espically important

A

Precautionary measures and creation of a goverance system that priortizes safety

36
Q

What are the difference between krever and naylor report

A

Naylor report examined the reactions to SARS krever was on the blood system so different public health issues
Naylor report looked at existing allocation of resobonsibilities of the goverment in health care

37
Q

What is public health a concern for

A

Primary a provincial concer although it is actioned at the municipal level

38
Q

What is fedral goverment responsible for

A

Authority to legislate aspects of public health over matters related to the maintenace of peace order and good goveremnt including quartine provisions and national borders and trade and commerce an interporvincial or international level

39
Q

What did the Naylor report do with public health renewal

A

Focused on cordianation of the public level there is more money that flows more downard to deal with issues restruces and refines how public should work in canada

40
Q

What is trade off

A

Many different diseases we could tackle there are not enough resources to accomindate them

41
Q

What is true cost

A

What you give up to get it

42
Q

Whos costs are included

A

Hospital
Health care system healthcare payer
health system ( costs in health and other sectors; transportation, social services)
Societal (all costs, inclduing patient costs)
Externalities

43
Q

What are the three aspects of cost

A

Direct
Indirect - lost wages
Intagngible - pain suffering or opportunity

44
Q

What is economic evaluation

A

The compartive analysis of alternative courses of action in terms of both their costs and consequences

45
Q

What is opprotunity cost

A

We could have every program but usally we dont have the money to spend on all these programs we have to give up other programs

46
Q

What are factors of economic evaluation

A

Always compartive
at least tow options are compared
Always involves costs
Each type measures consequences or outcomes in different ways

47
Q

What is cost utility

A

You can compare three different types but focuses on value of life and the consequences

48
Q

Can be opportunity cost be a conseqeunce value

A

YES

49
Q

What is standard of care

A

What we are doing now or the status quo

50
Q

What is cost analysis

A

How well does A work to B cost is the only difference

51
Q

What is cost effectivness evaluation

A

Uses natural units such as life years gained premature births avoided bang for buck it is a ratio

52
Q

What is the cost-effectivness plane

A

Comapare two health interventions along delta C change in cost and delta E outcome or your effects better as you go to the right the effects are better

53
Q

What is the best spot in cost effective plane

A

A because it cost less than the orginal and is more effective than E than D and third is C

54
Q

What is Cost utility Evaluation

A

Cost utility is using QALY and DALY

55
Q

What is Health Utility tool

A

Used for cost utilitiy
1 is perfect health and 0 is death
How would you asses one year on the scale asking people who are healthy ask enough people the population as a whole one year and how they would feel with a condition

56
Q

What is cost benefit analysis

A

Compare all cost and all benefits and tries to assign a dollar value to all of these thing

57
Q

What are the issues of cost benefit analysis

A

Very comprehensive and diffuclt and ethical issues because assigning monteary values to life inherent biases also what makes a good life can varry CBA looks at maxmizing overall benefits which may overlook the eneds or rights of indviduals who are disproprotionately affected

58
Q

What is cost analysis

Ethical

A

Very utilitarian also takes into deontological

Health Policy Exam (7 decks)

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