Bisc 162 Exam 3

Question 1

Which of the following structures in Land Plants is correctly matched to the challenge it evolved to overcome?

Answers:
waxy cuticle; protection against UV
sporopollenin; overcoming gravity
specialized cells like rhizoids; obtain water
leaf pores; obtain nitrogen
stomata; obtain water

Answer 1

specialized cells like rhizoids; obtain water?

Question 2

A characteristic of Archaea that is shared with Eukarya is

Answers:
that they both have a membrane-enclosed nucleus.
the tRNA that they use to start translation is methionine.
their membrane lipids can have branched hydrocarbons.
that their cell walls have peptidoglycan.
that they have the same number of RNA polymerases.

Answer 2

the tRNA that they use to start translation is

Question 3

Which statement about the ecological role of prokaryotes is true?

Answers:
They biofilms that they create only contain a single species.
They are pathogens of only animals.
None of these are true.
They can fix nitrogen so other organisms can use it.
If they are inside of another organism as a symbiont, they are always pathogenic.

Answer 3

They can fix nitrogen so other organisms can use it.

Question 4

In eukaryotes, organelles like the ER and golgi evolved

Answers:
as a product of endosymbiosis.
after chloroplasts.
relied on the formation of the flagellum.
after attaching the cell membrane to the cell wall using the cytoskeleton.
from the folding in of the external cell membrane.

Answer 4

from the folding in of the external cell membrane.

Question 5

Which of the following is false about the ecological role of protists?

Answers:
They cannot have positive effects on other species.
They produce a large amount of earth’s oxygen.
They occur in aquatic environments.
They can be photoautotrophic.
They cannot be chemoheterotrophic.

Answer 5

They cannot have positive effects on other species.

Question 6

A synapomorphy that defines Angiosperms is___________.

Answers:
a. vascular tissue
b. true roots
c. a sporophyte that is always green.
d. seeds
e. flowers

Answer 6

E

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of vascular tissue?

Answers:
tracheids
meristem
guard cells
parenchyma
root hairs

Answer 7

tracheids

Question 8

Which of the following is not a way in which we “organize” biodiversity?

Answers:
identifying ecological role
using geological time frames
counting number of extinction events
naming using taxonomy
using a phylogeny to represent evolutionary history

Answer 8

counting number of extinction events

Question 9

Some evidence for endosymbiosis comes from the observation that

Answers:
chloroplasts and mitochondria likely evolved from the same ancestor.
chloroplasts and mitochondria have a single membrane.
DNA within chloroplasts is circular.
All of these support the theory of endosymbiosis.
mitochondrial DNA is more similar to nuclear DNA.

Answer 9

DNA within chloroplasts is circular.

Question 10

What information about viruses supports that viruses have several different origins?

Answers:
Viruses mutate too frequently.
Viruses cannot perform recombination with unrelated viruses.
Viruses only infect animals, but they infect a lot of different animals.
Different viruses don’t even have the same genes.

Answer 10

Different viruses don’t even have the same genes.

Question 11

Amphibians (frogs and salamanders) do not have teeth in their lower jaw even though the sister taxon of amphibians has teeth. Finding a frog with teeth in the lower jaw would be an example of

Answers:
an evolutionary reversal.
a homologous trait.
a synapomorphy.
convergent evolution.
a derived trait.

Answer 11

an evolutionary reversal.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about fossils is true?

Answers:
Erosion makes it more likely to find fossils.
If a fossil is found in a deeper layer of sedimentary rock, it is older than ones above it.
Plants cannot become fossilized.
There are fossils of every extinct organism.
Soft tissues form fossils more often than exoskeletons of insects.

Answer 12

If a fossil is found in a deeper layer of sedimentary rock, it is older than ones above it.

Question 13

Which statement about protists is true?

Answers:
Protists can be grouped into several separate clades.
Protists belong to a single monophyletic group.
Some use a contractile vacuole to regulate salt intake.
They are all multicellular.
Most protists are unable to move.

Answer 13

Protists can be grouped into several separate clades.

Question 14

In vascular plants, the force that relies on water molecules sticking to the sides of xylem to move water through the plant is

Answers:
root pressure
evapotranspiration (transpiration)
cohesion
osmosis
adhesion

Answer 14

cohesion

Question 15

When materials are inside of the symplast, which of the following is true?

Answers:
These materials will prevent osmosis.
Materials can travel between plant cells through plasmodesmata.
Plants can select which materials in the symplast flow between cells.
Materials will eventually need to cross the Casparian strip.
SWEET proteins control which materials move among different cells.

Answer 15

Materials will eventually need to cross the Casparian strip.

Question 16

Which of the following is not way that scientists use phylogenies?

Answers:
To examine when traits evolved.
To describe and predict how viruses evolve and are spread.
To predict future evolutionary events.
Scientists use phylogenies for all of these.
To examine whether traits in different species are homologous.

Answer 16

To predict future evolutionary events.

Question 17

If the Devonian Period occurred between 419 and 359 million years ago, then it must have occurred within which geological time frame?

Answers:
Precambrian
Cambrian
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic

Answer 17

Paleozoic

Question 18

During phloem loading, a _________ used to move ________ against its/their concentration gradient into the sieve tube.

Answers:
symporter protein; H+ ions
aquaporin; water
channel protein; sucrose
symporter protein; sucrose
proton pump; H+ ions (protons)

Answer 18

symporter protein; sucrose

Question 19

Which plant cell processes generate root pressure?

Answers:
Water will move through the Casparian strip.
Cl- ions use a channel to move down (with) their concentration gradient.
K+ ions are pumped into root cells.
Protons are pumped into root cells.
Cl- ions are co-transported into the root cell.

Answer 19

Cl- ions are co-transported into the root cell.

Question 20

_________ are part of the root system and ________ are part of the shoot system in plants.

Answers:
Mycorrhizae; roots
Stems; leaves
Roots; mycorrhizae
Mycorrhizae; leaves
Leaves; Mycorrhizae

Answer 20

Mycorrhizae; leaves

Question 21

An organism that is chemoheterotrophic uses ______ as their energy source and _____ as their carbon source.

Answers:
organic compounds; organic compounds
light; carbon dioxide
light; organic compounds
inorganic substances; carbon dioxide
light; light

Answer 21

organic compounds; organic compounds

Question 22

Some plants have adapted to modify some of their organs to perform atypical tasks. An example of a modified leaf is a _______.

Answers:
taproot
runner
flower
tuber
prop root

Answer 22

flower

Question 23

On a phylogeny, lineages are shown

Answers:
on the tips.
along branches.
as individual taxa.
on the nodes.
as monophyletic groups.

Answer 23

along branches.

Question 24

In plant primary growth, new plant growth

Answers:
always adds length to the plant using the apical meristem.
primarily occurs at the roots and happens at the apical meristem.
will produce bark.
is performed by the vascular cambium.
always adds diameter to the plant.

Answer 24

always adds length to the plant using the apical meristem.

Question 25

Viruses

Answers:
can infect any host at any time.
can replicate on their own.
must have an envelope to be recognized by the host.
have a protein coat called a capsid.
belong to a single monophyletic group.

Answer 25

have a protein coat called a capsid.

Question 26

In plants, the cells that make up the totipotent meristem tissue

Answers:
can only produce photosynthetic cells.
is found at root and shoot tips and the center of the plant.
only increase plant length.
has already been specialized (differentiated).
only increase plant girth (diameter).

Answer 26

is found at root and shoot tips and the center of the plant.

Question 27

A difference between prokaryotes and protists is that

Answers:
only protists can have a phospholipid monolayer.
only prokaryotes can be photoautotrophs.
only protists use cilia to move.
only prokaryotes have a cell wall.
only prokaryotes belong to a single monophyletic group.

Answer 27

only prokaryotes have a cell wall.

Question 28

When building a phylogeny for extinct animals from the Precambrian, the data you could not use would be

Answers:
a. physical characteristics (morphology)
b. fossils
c. Paleontological data
d. Nucleic acid sequence data (DNA or RNA)
e. a, b or c

Answer 28

d. Nucleic acid sequence data (DNA or RNA)

Question 29

Which of the following is a way in which adaptations evolved to improve land plant reproduction outside of aquatic environments?

Answers:
plants separated into male plants and female plants.
the female gametophyte is dispersed away from the parent plant.
plants developed a gametophyte stage.
flowers rely on being distributed by wind.
the male gametophyte was enclosed in pollen.

Answer 29

the male gametophyte was enclosed in pollen.

Question 30

In the evolutionary history of eukaryotes, which statement is true?

Answers:
A nucleus is only present in some groups.
Most eukaryotes are multicellular.
Multicellularity and chloroplasts evolved multiple times.
Protist groups form a single monophyletic group.
Mitochondria are always present in eukaryotes.

Answer 30

Multicellularity and chloroplasts evolved multiple times.

Question 31

Compared to a scientist who organizes biodiversity using taxonomy, a scientist who uses systematics

Answers:
only provides names to monophyletic groups.
uses a different naming system to organize biodiversity.
can use phylogenetic relationships to decide if Kingdom in bigger than Phylum.
will not name any species.
is not interested in organizing biodiversity.

Answer 31

only provides names to monophyletic groups.

Question 32

Which of the following is one of the four ways that we “measure” biodiversity?

Answers:
Quantifying genetic diversity.
Identifying when a species originated.
Counting the number of extinction events in an era.
Naming endemic species.
Using a phylogeny to name species.

Answer 32

Quantifying genetic diversity.

Question 33

In which of the four geological time frames did Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya first evolve?

Answers:
Cenozoic
They did not evolve in the same geological time frame.
Precambrian
Paleozoic
Mesozoic

Answer 33

Precambrian

Question 34

When using the system of taxonomy described by Linnaeus to name organisms,

Answers:
an Order is the smallest group that can be defined.
a Kingdom is smaller than a Domain.
there can be only one species within one Genus.
there can be multiple Families within one Genus.
there is no relationship among taxonomic ranks.

Answer 34

a Kingdom is smaller than a Domain.