Bisc 162 Exam 1

Question 1

If you compared the circulatory systems of a “cold fish” and a “hot fish”, which of the following would you expect to find?

Answers:
A) The veins and arteries in the musculature of a cold fish should be further apart than in the hot fish.
B) The veins and arteries in the musculature of a cold fish should be closer together than in the hot fish.
C) The venous blood returning to the heart from the musculature should be colder in the hot fish.
D) The venous blood returning to the heart from the musculature should be warmer in the hot fish.
E) A and C.
F) B and D.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

The anterior pituitary…

Answers:
A) Receives hormonal signals from the posterior pituitary.
B) Receives hormonal signals from the hypothalamus.
C) May be inhibited by the hormone that is produced by the peripheral gland.
D) Produces release-inhibiting hormones.
E) Produces tropic hormones.
F) A, B and C
G) B, C and D
H) B, C and E

Answer 2

H

Question 3

Following release of a neurotransmitter from a presynaptic neuron, which of the following should occur?

Answers:
The neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.
Calcium is released into the synaptic cleft by the presynaptic neuron.
The neurotransmitter moves through the gap junction channels in the postsynaptic neuron.
The postsynaptic neuron releases calcium.
None of the above.

Answer 3

The neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.

Question 4

Which of the following hormones is not regulated by negative feedback?

Answers:
Thyroid hormones
Oxytocin
Adrenal glucocorticoids
Gonadal hormones

Answer 4

Oxytocin

Question 5

If a chemical signal resulted in the production of a second messenger in the target cell, what type of receptor is most likely involved?

Answers:
An ionotropic receptor
A transcription factor
A voltage-gated channel
A metabotropic receptor
None of the above

Answer 5

A metabotropic receptor?

Question 6

Which of the following best characterizes “activational” effects of hormones:

Answers:
Activational effects occur when hormone levels are low.
The hormonal effects appear when hormone levels are high and disappear when hormone levels are low.
The target tissue does not respond to hormones.
The effects of the hormone on target tissues persist even when circulating levels of the hormone decline.

Answer 6

The hormonal effects appear when hormone levels are high and disappear when hormone levels are low.

Question 7

The opening of additional voltage-gated Na+ channels after only a few voltage gated Na+ channels open in the axon hillock is an example of:

Answers:
Negative feedback
A change in the setpoint of the voltage-gated channel
Positive feedback
Feedforward information

Answer 7

Positive feedback

Question 8

If you eliminated iodine from your diet, which of the following is likely to occur?

Answers:
T3 and T4 levels should decrease.
You should eventually develop a goiter.
You should eventually experience hypothyroidism.
Your overall metabolic rate should decrease.
All of these are correct.
None of the above.

Answer 8

All of these are correct.

Question 9

If a reaction rate has a Q10 value of two, what should happen to the reaction rate with a 10 degree increase in temperature?

Answers:
It should double
It should increase by 10
It should remain unchanged
None of the above
It should triple

Answer 9

It should double

Question 10

Based on your knowledge of metabolic rates in endotherms and ectotherms, which of the following is most likely to be true?

Answers:
Ectotherms require more food than endotherms.
Ectotherms should be more active than endotherms when environmental temperatures are cool.
Ectotherms should always have a higher metabolic rate than endotherms.
Ectotherms should be able to survive for longer periods of time without food compared to endotherms.

Answer 10

Ectotherms should be able to survive for longer periods of time without food compared to endotherms.

Question 11

Consumption of alcohol increases the volume and frequency of urination because…

Answers:
A) Alcohol simulates the production of antidiuretic hormone.
B) Alcohol inhibits the production of antidiuretic hormone.
C) Aquaporins are not inserted into the cells lining the collecting duct of the kidney.
D) More aquaporins are inserted into the cells lining the collecting duct of the kidney.
E) A and C
F) B and C
G) B and D

Answer 11

F

Question 12

Hypothalamic GnRH-producing neurons synapse on

Answers:
ACTH-producing cells.
The blood vessels that bring blood to the anterior pituitary cells.
Oxytocin-producing neurons.
The posterior pituitary.
None of the above.

Answer 12

The blood vessels that bring blood to the anterior pituitary cells.

Question 13

Which of the following would be associated with a person with severe Type I diabetes?

Answers:
A) Plasma glucose levels would generally be very high.
B) Plasma glucose levels would generally be very low.
C) Circulating levels of glucagon would generally be very high.
D) Cells would be starved of glucose.
E) A and D
F) B and C

Answer 13

E

Question 14

Which of the following cells produce cerebrospinal fluid in the brain?

Answers:
Schwann cells
Oligodendrocytes
Ependymal cells
Astrocytes
Microglia

Answer 14

Ependymal cells

Question 15

If an inhibitory interneuron was not present in the patellar spinal reflex…

Answers:
The quadriceps (thigh) muscle would not contract.
The opposing hamstring muscle would not contract.
The opposing hamstring muscle would contract.
The information would not be sent to the brain for the muscle to contract.
None of the above.

Answer 15

The opposing hamstring muscle would contract.

Question 16

Which of the following hormones is paired correctly with the hormone that stimulates its production?

Answers:
Glucagon – pancreatic tropic hormone
Estrogen – ACTH
FSH – Thyroid releasing hormones
Cortisol – ACTH
TSH – CRH

Answer 16

Cortisol – ACTH

Question 17

Which of the following best describes an action potential that occurs in a postsynaptic cell because of the rapid succession of excitatory input from a single synapse?

Answers:
An ionotropic response
Temporal summation
A metabotropic response
Spatial summation

Answer 17

Temporal summation

Question 18

Which of the following might happen if the inactivation gates of sodium channels did not close during the course of an action potential?

Answers:
Voltage-gated potassium channels would not open.
The action potential may not be unidirectional.
The cell would remain hyperpolarized.
The cell would not depolarize.
No neurotransmitter would be released from the cell

Answer 18

The action potential may not be unidirectional.

Question 19

Which of the following is a type of connective tissue?

Answers:
Neuron
Muscle
Glia
Bone

Answer 19

Bone

Question 20

The arrival of graded potentials in a postsynaptic neuron may result in which of the following?

Answers:
Opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels in the post-synaptic neuron.
The lack of an action potential in the post-synaptic neuron.
Summation of excitatory post-synaptic potentials that bring the cell to threshold.
Spatial summation of excitatory post-synaptic potentials that do not trigger an action potential.
All of the above
None of the above

Answer 20

All of the above

Question 21

If a huge dinosaur, like Brontosaurus, was an endotherm it would most likely experience which of the following problems?

Answers:
It would be likely to experience hyperthermia, especially if environmental temperatures are high.
Its metabolic rate would be so high that it would be likely to experience hypothermia.
It would have such a low metabolic rate that it would die.
It would need to evolve some sort of insulator, like fur or feathers, because it would lose so much heat.
All of the above

Answer 21

It would be likely to experience hyperthermia, especially if environmental temperatures are high.

Question 22

Under what conditions would you expect to find a low number of aquaporins in the cells lining the collecting duct of the kidney?

Answers:
When you are drinking alcohol
When you are overhydrated
When ADH is not produced
All of the above
None of the above

Answer 22

All of the above

Question 23

What should happen if leaky potassium channels were blocked in a neuron?

Answers:
The sodium-potassium pump should start pumping sodium into the cell.
The potassium concentration inside the cell should decrease.
Nothing.
The membrane potential should become more negative.
The membrane potential should become more positive.

Answer 23

The membrane potential should become more positive.

Question 24

If thermogenin was inactivated in brown adipose tissue, which of the following should occur?

Answers:
ATP production should decrease but heat production should increase.
ATP production should increase but heat production should decrease.
ATP production should decrease and heat production should decrease.
ATP production should increase and heat production should increase.

Answer 24

ATP production should increase but heat production should decrease.

Question 25

If a cell responds to a hormone with an increase in a second messenger, what type of hormone is most likely acting on the cell? Answers: Lipid Steroid Protein/peptide Carbohydrate

Answer 25

Protein/peptide

Question 26

Which of the following could explain why the resting potential of a neuron is more negative than normal? Answers: The cell has too many leaky potassium channels. The concentration of potassium inside the cell is lower than normal. Voltage-gated potassium channels are failing to close after an action potential. All of the above may be true. None of the above would create a more negative resting potential.

Answer 26

All of the above may be true.

Question 27

Which of the following would prolong the hyperpolarization phase of an action potential? Answers: If voltage-gated potassium channels closed more rapidly. If voltage-gated Na+ channels opened faster. If voltage-gated potassium channels closed more slowly. If more voltage-aged sodium channels were activated. If voltage-gated calcium channels remained closed.

Answer 27

If voltage-gated potassium channels closed more slowly.

Question 28

In response to suckling by a newborn infant, ________ is released by the __________ of the mother, which stimulates __________. Answers: GnRH, anterior pituitary, cortisol production. CRH, hypothalamus, ACTH production. Glucose, liver, insulin production. Oxytocin, posterior pituitary, milk ejection from the nipples. Prolactin, anterior pituitary, milk ejection from the nipples.

Answer 28

Oxytocin, posterior pituitary, milk ejection from the nipples.

Question 29

Which of the following is true regarding volume-surface area relationships? Answers: As an organism gets larger, the total surface area decreases. Smaller organisms have more surface area relative to their total volume than a larger organism. All the above are true. Larger organisms possess more surface area relative to their total volume than smaller organisms. None of the above are true.

Answer 29

Smaller organisms have more surface area relative to their total volume than a larger organism.

Question 30

If a person develops a goiter that is attributable to an autoimmune disorder and the production of ‘LATS’ in the blood, which of the following would be expected to occur? Answers: The epithelial cells will stop producing thyroid hormones. Negative feedback will occur but LATS will continue to stimulate thyroid releasing hormone. Levels of thyroid releasing hormone are likely to be very high. Negative feedback will occur but LATS will continue to stimulate thyroid hormone production. Negative feedback will occur but LATS will continue to stimulate the gonads.

Answer 30

Negative feedback will occur but LATS will continue to stimulate thyroid hormone production.

Question 31

Which of the following describes the synapse that forms between the post-ganglionic neuron and the organ that it synapses with in the sympathetic division of the nervous system? Answers: The postganglionic neuron produces norepinephrine in the synapse. The postganglionic neuron produces acetylcholine in the synapse. The synapse produces steroids. The synapse is inhibitory.

Answer 31

The postganglionic neuron produces norepinephrine in the synapse.

Question 32

Which of the following is/are true regarding ectotherms? Answers: Changes in body temperature do not affect their metabolic rate. Their thermoneutral zone generally includes a much broader range of temperatures than an endotherm. They cannot regulate their body temperatures. Their behavior often keeps their body temperature within relatively narrow limits.

Answer 32

Their thermoneutral zone generally includes a much broader range of temperatures than an endotherm.

Question 33

If a person received several large injections of testosterone, which of the following should occur? Answers: GnRH should increase. LH should increase. Gluconeogenesis should increase. Testosterone production by the gonads should increase. None of the above

Answer 33

None of the above

Question 34

Which of the following types of feedback increases deviation from the set point? Answers: interstitial negative positive accelerating none of the above

Answer 34

Positive

Question 35

Which of the following is consistent with Allen's Rule? Answers: Rabbits in hot climates should have larger ears than rabbits in cold climates. White-tailed deer tend be larger as you travel north. Birds living on islands should have huge wings compared to other birds. Snakes living near the equator should have limbs.

Answer 35

Rabbits in hot climates should have larger ears than rabbits in cold climates.

Question 36

At temperatures below the lower critical temperature… Answers: Endotherms decrease their metabolic rate. Endotherms increase their metabolic rate. An endotherm becomes an ectotherm. Ectotherms increase their metabolic rate.

Answer 36

Endotherms increase their metabolic rate.

Question 37

A chemical signal that travels through the environment to influence the cells of another organism is called: Answers: An autocrine hormone A paracrine hormone An endocrine hormone An ectocrine hormone

Answer 37

An ectocrine hormone