Bisc 162 Exam 2 Flashcards by Rachel Ni

Blood leaving the left ventricle of the mammal heart is _____ and ________.

Answers:
de-oxygenated, headed to the pulmonary circuit
oxygenated, headed to the systemic circuit
de-oxygenated, headed to the systemic circuit
oxygenated, headed to the pulmonary circuit

oxygenated, headed to the systemic circuit

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Which of the following is true regarding Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

Answers:
It is an autoimmune disorder wherein antibodies are produced against thyroid cells
It is an autoimmune disorder wherein antibodies are produced against pancreatic cells
It is an autoimmune disorder that attacks neurons
It results in a low levels of insulin

It is an autoimmune disorder wherein antibodies are produced against thyroid cells

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As red blood cells (RBCs) travel from the lungs to metabolically active tissues, the increase in acidity will:

Answers:
(a) Load oxygen from the active tissue to the RBC
(b) Unload oxygen from the RBCs to the active tissue
(c) Increase the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen in RBCs
(d) Decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen in RBCs
(e) A and C
(f) B and D

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What region of an antibody binds to the receptor on a phagocytic cell?

Answers:
(a) The variable region of the heavy chain
(b) The constant region of the heavy chain
(c) The variable region of the light chain
(d) The constant region of the light chain
(e) A and C

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Which of the following conditions would most likely result in hypoxia in a freshwater fish?

Answers:
A cold pond located at high elevation
A cold pond located at low elevation
A warm pond located at high elevation
A warm pond located at low elevation

A warm pond located at high elevation

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Which of the following may occur if antibodies are secreted by plasma cells?

Answers:
(e) All the above
(c) Neutralization of the pathogen
(b) Precipitation of dissolved antigens
(d) Activation of the complement system
(a) Agglutination of the microbe invader

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Following binding of an antigen to B cell receptors and presentation of the antigen by B cells to T helper cells during the humoral immune response, which of the following will occur?

Answers:
B cells differentiate into plasma cells and begin secreting antibodies
Cytotoxic T cells replicate
Mast cells produce histamines
T helper cells die

B cells differentiate into plasma cells and begin secreting antibodies

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Which of the following is/are true regarding a buccal pump?

Answers:
A) It is characteristic of the respiratory system in humans.
B) It evolves when lungs evolve.
C) It involves creating negative pressure around the lungs.
D) Positive pressure is created in the buccal cavity to push air into the lungs.
E) A and C
F) B and D

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Which of the following occurs during exhalation in a mammal?

Answers:
A) The diaphragm relaxes and the rib cage expands.
B) The diaphragm contracts and the rib cage expands.
C) The diaphragm relaxes and the rib cage contracts.
D) The diaphragm contracts and the rib cage contracts.
E) Negative pressure is created in the lungs.
F) Positive pressure is created in the lungs.
G) C and F.
H) B and E.

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Which of the following is not an effect of angiotensin?

Answers:
constriction of the efferent glomerular arteriole
increased renin production
increased production of aldosterone
increased thirst

increased renin production

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Which of the following represents the correct path for the wave of depolarization through the heart?

Answers:
None of the above
Atrioventricular node, Bundle of His, Purkinje, sinoatrial node
Diaphragm, atrium, ventricle, SA node
Sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers
Purkinje fibers, Bundle of His, atrioventricular node, sinoatrial node

Sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers

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Which of the following correctly represents the sequence of events that occur during the inflammatory response?

Answers:
Complement proteins are produced by mast cells, histamines are produced, vessels dilate, phagocytes accumulate.
Mast cells produce immunoglobulins, capillaries dilate and become permeable, complement proteins arrive, phagocytes accumulate at the wound site.
Phagocytes release histamine, complement proteins arrive, capillaries dilate and become permeable, pus forms.
Mast cells release histamine, capillaries dilate and become permeable, complement proteins arrive, phagocytes accumulate at the wound site.

Mast cells release histamine, capillaries dilate and become permeable, complement proteins arrive, phagocytes accumulate at the wound site.

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In _______ metabolic wastes from proteins are excreted as ________.

Answers:
bony fishes, myoglobin
mammals, urea
insects, ammonia
birds, urea

mammals, urea

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In the insect tracheal system gas exchange with the cells occurs at the ____________.

Answers:
Air sacs
Spiracles
Internal gills
Air capillaries

Air capillaries

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Which of the following would shift the oxygen binding/dissociation curve to the left?

Answers:
If the acidity increased
If the temperature decreased
If the acidity decreased
If the partial pressure of oxygen increased

If the temperature decreased?

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Which of the following promotes clonal selection?

Answers:
An antibody that recognizes a self-antigen
Destruction of B cells by cytotoxic T cells
The overproduction of histamines
Binding of a foreign antigen to the antibody receptor on the surface of a B cell

Binding of a foreign antigen to the antibody receptor on the surface of a B cell

A change in elevation is likely to impact which component of Fick’s equation?

Answers:
The partial pressure difference
The distance between the atmosphere and respiratory structure
The mass of the organism
The total area for diffusion to occur

The partial pressure difference

Which of the following are filtered out of the glomerulus and reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?

Answers:
(a) Glucose
(b) Amino acids
(c) Water
(d) Ions
(e) C and D only
(f) all of the above

Which of the following is/are actively pumped out of the hindgut and rectum of an organism possessing malpighian tubules?

Answers:
(A) Sodium
(B) Urine
(C) Uric acid
(D) Water
(E) All the above except D

Which of the following structures is always highly permeable to water in the kidney?

Answers:
The thick ascending loop of Henle
The collecting duct
The descending loop of Henle
The thin ascending loop of Henle

The descending loop of Henle

Which of the following is a primary cause of respiratory distress that typically ensues following infection by coronavirus?

Answers:
(a) Lung epithelial cells are overexposed to angiotensin II (angiotensin)
(b) Lung epithelial cells are overexposed to aldosterone
(c) ACE2 receptors on lung epithelial cells are inactivated by the virus
(d) A and C
(e) All of the above

What happens to a cell that is hypotonic to the surrounding water?

Answers:
(a) ions diffuse out of the cell
(b) the cell loses water and shrinks
(c) water enters the cell and it swells
(d) both A and B

Which of the following conditions would promote the production of highly dilute urine?

Answers:
A high concentration of NaCl in the renal medulla and a low concentration of ADH in the blood
A low concentration of NaCl in the renal medulla and a high concentration of ADH in the blood
A high concentration of NaCl in the renal medulla and a high concentration of ADH in the blood
A low concentration of NaCl in the renal medulla and a low concentration of ADH in the blood

A low concentration of NaCl in the renal medulla and a low concentration of ADH in the blood

What initiates opening of the Na+ channels in the pacemaker cells of the heart?

Answers:
The influx of Ca2+
The efflux of K+
The efflux of Ca2+
The influx of K+

The efflux of K+

Which of the following would be expected to decrease the magnitude of the secondary immune response of the host organism to a pathogen (e.g., responses of memory cells)? Answers: (a) If reinfection occurs relatively rapidly following the first infection. (b) During reinfection, the pathogen enters the host organism via a different route than the first time it invaded the host. (c) The pathogen evolves during the interval between the first and second infections. (d) The pathogen uses anaerobic pathways for ATP production. (e) All the above. (f) None of the above.

Which enzyme or hormone is not correctly paired with its source? Answers: Renin/juxtaglomerular cells Aldosterone/kidney Angiotensinogen/liver ACE/lungs

Aldosterone/kidney

The ‘T’ wave in an electrocardiogram is associated with which of the following? Answers: (c) Depolarization of the ventricles (b) Repolarization of the atria (a) Depolarization of the atria (d) Repolarization of the ventricles (e) A and C (f) B and C

Which of the following is NOT a way that complement proteins can battle infections? Answers: They recruit phagocytes They label invaders for phagocytosis They stimulate aldosterone production to increase blood flow to the wound site They poke holes in the pathogen

They stimulate aldosterone production to increase blood flow to the wound site

Blood pH remains relatively constant even when the urine is acidic because: Answers: Bicarbonate ions are transported into the blood and act as a buffer Na+ is reabsorbed by blood capillaries from renal tubule cells Protons are transported from the renal tubule cells into the blood Glomerular filtration rate decreases

Bicarbonate ions are transported into the blood and act as a buffer

Which of the following is not associated with the innate immune response? Answers: Phagocytosis The production of antibodies The production of lysozymes Mucus The production of defensins

The production of antibodies

The ‘dup’ sound associated with the ‘lub-dup’ sounds of the mammalian heart Answers: Is caused by closing of the atrioventricular valves Is caused by the closing of the semilunar valves Is caused by opening of the atrioventricular valves Is caused by opening of the semilunar valves

Is caused by the closing of the semilunar valves

Defensins… Answers: May increase the permeability of bacterial cell walls Are produced by the kidney Are produced by the liver Increase mRNA production in infected cells

May increase the permeability of bacterial cell walls

What would happen if the liver did not produce prothrombin? Answers: The damaged blood vessel would heal more rapidly More fibrin would be produced Fibrin would not be produced More platelets would form

Fibrin would not be produced

If baroreceptors in the _______ detect an increase in blood pressure, ADH release from the ______ will be inhibited. Answers: aorta, anterior pituitary hypothalamus, anterior pituitary aorta, posterior pituitary

aorta, posterior pituitary

Which of the following is true for lungfish? Answers: When the water they live in is low in dissolved oxygen they direct deoxygenated blood to the lungs When the water they live in is low in dissolved oxygen they do not gulp oxygenated air from the atmosphere When the water they live in is low in dissolved oxygen they direct deoxygenated blood to the general systemic circulation When the water they live in is low in dissolved oxygen they eat animals with a lot of oxygen in them

When the water they live in is low in dissolved oxygen they direct deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Why are the immune systems of people without HIV often much more effective at launching an immune response than people with HIV? Answers: (a) HIV targets T helper cells, which can severely limit a coordinated attack against any pathogen. (b) HIV is a retrovirus that has genes coding for proteins that destroy MHC proteins in the host. (c) Phagocytes in HIV-infected people are unable to recognize antibodies against HIV. (d) HIV binds to cytokines, thus preventing effective communication among immune cells. (e) All of the above.

Which of the following is the correct path of air in mammals during exhalation? Answers: Nasal/oral cavity, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pharynx, larynx Alveoli, bronchi, diaphragm, mouth, trachea Alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, nasal/oral cavity Nasal/oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi

Alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, nasal/oral cavity

If you plotted the hemoglobin oxygen binding dissociation curve (where the x axis depicts the partial pressure of oxygen and the y-axis depicts the percent oxygen binding) for an animal that is adapted to living at high elevations and compared it to an animal that lives at low elevations, what would you expect to find? Answers: The curve for the animal living at high elevations should be to the left of the curve for the animal living at low elevations. The line for the animal living at high elevations should be horizontal, but the line for the animal living at low elevations should be curved. The curve for the two animals should be completely overlapping and identical. The curve for the animal living at high elevations should be to the right of the curve of the animal living at low elevations.

The curve for the animal living at high elevations should be to the left of the curve for the animal living at low elevations.

What would happen if you applied acetylcholine to the heart? Answers: Heart rate would decrease The heart would make more “lub-dup” sounds Heart rate would remain the same Heart rate would increase

Heart rate would decrease