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Y2 Diverse Species > Birds > Flashcards

Birds Flashcards

1
Q

Which phylum and class do birds belong to?

A 
Phylum = Chordata
Class = Aves
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2
Q

What are the different families of birds?

A
  • Passerines: perching birds, commonly kept as pets e.g. finches, canaries
  • Psittacines: The parrots e.g. budges, cockatiels
  • Raptors: birds of prey
  • Poultry
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3
Q

Describe the eye anatomy of birds

A
  • Large proportion of the cranial volume
  • Can recognise uv/polarised light
  • Rarely blink but have a nictitating membrane
  • Cornea thinner and lens softer
  • Retina thick and avascular
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4
Q

What is the name of the bony socket the eye sits in?

A

Sclerotic rings

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5
Q

Describe the ear anatomy of birds

A

Comprised of an outer, middle and inner part

No external pinna, protected by auricular feathers

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6
Q

How does the skin of birds differ on the trunk and limbs?

A

Trunk - thin and elastic

Limbs - scaly and tough

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7
Q

Which glands do birds not possess?

A

Sweat and sebaceous

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8
Q

What is the function of the uropygial gland (preen gland)?

A

Located at the base of the tail

It produces a lipid rich secretion for feather waterproofing and maintenance

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9
Q

What is the function of the cloacal glands?

A

Produce a thick foam, which seems to have a role in reproductive success

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10
Q

Name the 5 parts that make up a feather

A
  1. Vane - consists of a series of barbs with interlocking barbules
  2. Rachis
  3. Barb
  4. Afterfeather
  5. Hollow shaft, calamus
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11
Q

What are the 3 types of contour feathers?

A
  1. Coverts - small contour feathers of the wing
  2. Regimes - Large contour flight feathers of the wing
  3. Retrices - tail feathers
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12
Q

Name the feather type which are found under contour feathers and provide insulation

A

Semiplumes

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13
Q

What are pennaceous feathers and what are plumulacous feathers?

A

Pennaceous - long, stiff

Plumulacous - fluffy

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14
Q

What is the name of the areas that feathers are well defined to?

A

Pterylae

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15
Q

What is the name of the area where the skin has no follicles?

A

Apteriae

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16
Q

If feathers are plucked when will they grow back?

If feathers are damaged when will they grow back?

A

Immediately

The next malt

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17
Q

What are the 3 different wing clipping techniques?

A
  • bilateral vs unilateral
  • primary vs secondary flight feathers
  • all vs some
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18
Q

A birds skeleton provides support for which 3 main function?

A
  • Respiration
  • Flight
  • Egg production
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19
Q

How is the skeleton adapted to support flight?

A
  1. Reducing weight: fused bones, small skull, no teeth

2. Provides attachment points for muscles: Keel (extends outwards from breast) and coracoid

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20
Q

What provides a source of stored calcium during times of peak egg production?

A

Medullary bone

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21
Q

The synsacrum of a birds spine is comprised of…?

A

Fused lumbar, sacral and some caudal vertebrae

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22
Q

The final few caudal vertebrae make up which structure?

A

Pygostyle - attachment of tail feathers and musculature

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23
Q

How is the forelimb adapted to form the wing?

A
  • Humerus = pneumatic (air sacs)
  • Radius and ulna present
  • Ulna supports secondary flight feathers
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24
Q

What is the name given to the first digit and what is its function?

A

Alula - located on carpometacarpal joint, and supports small stiff feathers which aid flight stability

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25
Q

Which bones are fused in a birds hindlimb?

A

Tibiotarsus - fused tibia and upper bones of feet

Tarsometatarsus - fused some of the lower bones of the foot

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26
Q

The pectoral girdle is comprised of which 4 structures?

A
  1. Scapula
  2. Clavicle
  3. Coracoid
  4. Keel
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27
Q

The pelvic girdle is comprised of which structures?

A
  • Innominate bone: fused ilium, ischium, and pubis

- Fused dorsally with synsacrum making a single ‘unit’

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28
Q

What are the names given to the upper and lower parts of the beak?

A 
Upper = rhinotheca
Lower = gnathotheca
29
Q

How would you describe the following abnormalities:

  • Scissor beak
  • Parrot beak
  • Simple over growth
A
  1. Upper and lower portions of the beak don’t line up
  2. Upper beak rests on or inside lower beak
  3. Abnormally long (usually upper) beak
30
Q

What is the cere?

A

Waxy structure at the base of the beak

31
Q

Where does the oesophagus lie in relation to the glottis in birds?

A

Lateral to the glottis on the birds right side

32
Q

Name the structure: opening on roof of oral cavity

A

Choanae

33
Q

How does the GI tract of birds vary for the following diets:

  1. Seed eaters
  2. Fruit eaters
  3. Meat/fish eaters
A
  1. well developed, long intestine, distinct caeca
  2. short intestine, caeca less distinct
  3. caeca and gizzard rudimentary, well developed pancreas and proventriculus
34
Q

What is the crop and what is its function?

A
  • Muscular sac like structure in proximal oesophagus
  • Acts as a temporary food store prior to digestion
  • Varies in size, highly elastic
35
Q

Describe these two problems that may occur in the crop:
Sour crop
Crop impactation

A

Sour crop = yeast infection leading to thickened crop and disruption of normal bacteria population
Crop impactation = failure of food to leave crop and enter proventriculus

36
Q

What are the two distinct areas of a birds stomach?

A

Proventriculus - Glandular stomach (secretion of digestive enzymes)
Ventriculus (gizzard) - muscular stomach

37
Q

What is the remnant of the yolk sac attachment in birds?

A

Vitelline - junction between jejunum and ileum

38
Q

What is the main function of a birds large intestine?

A

Water and electrolyte absorption

39
Q

What is the ceca?

A

Outpouchings of the large intestine

40
Q

What is the cloaca?

A

The terminal portion of the reproductive tract, urinary tract and digestive tract

41
Q

What is the function of the cloaca?

A

Receives waste products from GI and renal system.

Receives products of reproductive tract

42
Q

What are the 3 cloacal regions and their functions?

A
  1. Coprodeum - receives faeces and digestive waste
  2. Urodeum - receives ureters and products of repro tract
  3. Proctodeum - houses bursa of fabricus on dorsal midline
43
Q

Are bird kidneys lobulated?

A

Yes - both kidneys have 3 lobes: cranial, middle and caudal

44
Q

Do birds have a urinary bladder?

A

No - urine transported directly from kidneys to cloaca via ureters

45
Q

What is the end product of metabolism in birds?

A

Uric acid

46
Q

A normal bird dropping consists of which 3 parts?

A

Faeces, urates and clear urine

47
Q

Where are male testis located in birds?

A

Within the abdominal cavity

Cranial to kidneys

48
Q

How is male bird anatomy different to mammals?

A
  • The epididymis is shorter
  • The ductus deferens acts as the main site of sperm storage
  • Accessory sex glands are absent
49
Q

Which side of the body has a functioning ovary and oviduct in birds?

A
  • Left side fully functioning and developed

- Right side regresses

50
Q

Describe the location of the ovary

A

Cranial to kidney, tightly attached to dorsal body wall and adhered to caudal vena cava

51
Q

What are the 5 functional regions between the ovary and cloaca?

A
  • Infundibulum
  • Magnum
  • Isthmus
  • Uterus
  • Vagina
52
Q

What is the role of the infundibulum?

A
  • Receives ovulated follicle
  • Fertilisation takes place in this region
  • Site of formation of chalazae (cords which hold yolk in place)
53
Q

What occurs to the follicle in the magnum region?

A

Egg white (albumin) develops around the follicle

54
Q

What is produced in this isthmus?

A

Shell membranes

55
Q

What happens to the follicles in the uterus?

A

Calcification of the shell

56
Q

Describe the following 3 issues that can occur in the female reproductive tract:

  1. Follicular stasis
  2. Excessive egg production
  3. Egg binding
A
  1. Inappropriate maturation of follicles within ovary without ovulation
  2. Result of an over productive repro tract
  3. Eggs take longer than normal to pass out of the repro tract
57
Q

Compare a birds cardiovascular system to mammals

A
  • 4 chambered heart
  • Nucleated red blood cells
  • higher cardiac output
  • Higher blood pressure
58
Q

How does breathing occur in birds if the lungs don’t expand?

A

Thoracic and abdominal muscles expand the thoracic cavity

59
Q

What is the function of the syrinx, and what is it composed of?

A

Allows a range of vocal sounds

- Last few tracheal rings, first few L and R bronchial rings, central tympanic membrane

60
Q

How does a birds nasal cavity communicate to the oral cavity?

A

Via the choanae

61
Q

How many air sacs do birds have?

A

9

62
Q

Name the birds different air sacs

A
  • One interclavicular
  • Two cervical
  • Two anterior thoracic
  • Two posterior thoracic
  • Two abdominal
63
Q

Birds lungs aren’t alveolar, instead they are described as…?

A

Parabronchial - system of air tubes that allow air flow in one direction only

64
Q

Describe the movement of air during inspiration

A

Down trachea, along bronchi, then into posterior air sacs,

- Simultaneously air moves from lung parabronchi into anterior air sacs

65
Q

Describe the movement of air during expiration

A
  • Air moves from posterior air sacs through parabronchi

- Aire from anterior air sacs expelled through trachea

66
Q

What is the main difference between a bird and mammals lymphatic system?

A

Birds have no lymph nodes

67
Q

Where are B-cells and T-cells produced in birds?

A 
B-cells = Bursa of Fabricus (located in dorsal cloaca)
T-cells = Thymus
68
Q

What is a birds primary lymphatic organ?

A

Bone marrow

Y2 Diverse Species (12 decks)

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