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BIOV243 Diverse species > birds > Flashcards

birds Flashcards

1
Q

How many species of birds are there?

A

9700

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2
Q

How many orders of birds are there?

A

27

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3
Q

What is the size range of birds?

A

2g - 120kg. 15kg being the largest flier

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4
Q

Name some members of the galliform family

A

Chicken, pheasant, peafowl, turkey and quail

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5
Q

What is a normal body temperature for a bird?

A

40-42°C

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6
Q

Birds have a high metabolic rate, this…

A

Increases flying efficiency and food conversion. They are fast healers

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7
Q

Name energy expensive times for a bird

A

Flight, courtship and breeding, moulting and growth (for altricial birds)

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8
Q

How do birds conserve heat?

A

Down feathers, shivering pectorals, put head under wing, sitting down and roosting/huddling

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9
Q

How do birds loose heat?

A

Extend wings, airsacs, shade seeking/bathing, thermal panting (ostrich) and gular fluttering

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10
Q

How are a bird’s different senses?

A

Excellent vision, good hearing, poor smell/taste, good touch

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11
Q

Define poultry

A

Any member of the galliform family or domestic waterfowl, e.g. chicken, duck, goose, turkey, guineafowl, etc.

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12
Q

What are chickens beaks made of?

A

Keratin

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13
Q

What is the function of scleral ossicles?

A

The keep the eye under pressure during flight

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14
Q

What kind of vision do birds have?

A

Colour vision, binocular vision and infrared vision

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15
Q

What is a nictitating membrane?

A

A membrane that forms an inner eyelid in birds, reptiles and some mammals, it protects the eye from dust and keeps it moist

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16
Q

What is unusual about the iris in birds?

A

The iris muscle is striated and under voluntary control

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17
Q

What are cryptochromes?

A

Molecules in the retina which undergo a chemical reaction that is sensitive to magnetic forces, birds use these to navigate during migration

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18
Q

What are the different types of feet in birds?

A

Digitigrade - walk on their toes
Anisodactyl - claw-like
Zygodactyl - two yes forward and two back
Palmate - usually webbed

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19
Q

What do birds use feathers for?

A

Flight, temperature regulation, behaviour (e.g. courtship)

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20
Q

How do birds maintain their feathers?

A

Relocking barbs, using preen gland with vitamin d. Dust bathing. Pigeons and parrots have powder down

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21
Q

What behavioural uses do feathers have?

A

Courtship display,an territorial display, plucking down to line nest, brooding young

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22
Q

Name human uses for feathers

A

Down for pillows/duvets, fishing flies, feed protein

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23
Q

What happens when birds moult?

A

They moult their feathers in a strict sequence so they can always maintain the ability to fly (except waterfowl). The new feather pushes the old one out, blood and nutrients stay in the shaft until the feather is grown, then they are reabsorbed

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24
Q

What do birds use their tail for?

A

Balance for flying (lie a rudder), courtship displays etc.

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25
Q

Do birds have sweat glands?

A

No

26
Q

What is a brood patch?

A

A featherless patch if skin on the underside of the bird, transfers heat to eggs better

27
Q

Why is leg meat in older chickens red?

A

Because it is high in myoglobin

28
Q

Name the bones in a wing

A

Humerus, radius, ulna, alula, fused metacarpals and digits

29
Q

Name the bones in a leg

A

Femur, stifle, tibiotarsus, hock, tarsometatarsus (or shank), spur and digits

30
Q

Function of sternum (breastbone)

A

Flying muscle attachment

31
Q

Function of clavicle (wishbone)

A

Protects thoracic inlet

32
Q

Function of caracoid

A

Stabalises flight muscles

33
Q

Function of notarium

A

Fused thoracic vertebrae, for flight stability

34
Q

Function of synsacrum

A

Stability for walking

35
Q

Function of pygostyle

A

Support for tail

36
Q

What do seabirds drink?

A

Seawater, they excrete salt out of salt gland dorsal to orbit which drains to nostrils where it is sneezed out.

37
Q

Which us more important to birds? Texture or taste of food?

A

Texture

38
Q

Why do birds have a GI tract with a low volume?

A

To reduce weight for flight

39
Q

What is another name for the proventriculus?

A

The glandular stomach

40
Q

What does the gizzard act as?

A

Teeth

41
Q

What do birds excrete nitrogenous waste as?

A

Uric acid as semi-solid urates

42
Q

Where is uric acid stored before being excreted?

A

In the coprodeum until faeces is voided

43
Q

Name the 3 parts of the cloaca

A

Coprodeum (rectum), urodeum(ureters and genital ducts) and proctodeum

44
Q

What does blood bypass during stress?

A

The kidneys

45
Q

What is different about a bird’s lungs

A

They do not expand, air is pushed through them by airsacs

46
Q

What ensures unidirectional airflow in a bird’s respiratory tract?

A

Valves and airsacs

47
Q

When does fresh air pass over the lungs?

A

During inspiration and expiration

48
Q

Many birds are sexually monomorphic, what does this mean?

A

The males and females look the same

49
Q

What happens to the gonads prior to the breeding season?

A

The hypothalamus detects a change in day length, this causes an increase in GnRH, which in turn causes the pituitary gland to produce FSH/LH which initiates gonadogenesis

50
Q

What sex chromosomes do birds have?

A

Males are xx and females are xy

51
Q

In birds, which ovary is functional, and what happens if that one is damaged?

A

Only the left ovary is functional, if it gets damaged the right may begin to function as as a testis, she would look and act like a male, but still be genetically female

52
Q

Name the parts of the ovary and oviduct

A

Follicles, infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus/shell gland, vagina and vent

53
Q

How often do chickens lay an egg?

A

Every 25 hours

54
Q

Describe the production of an egg

A

A mature ovum (yolk) is shed from a ruptured follicle in the ovary into the infundibulum of the oviduct, where it is fertilised (15mins). Albumen (egg white) is added in the magnum (3hrs). Shell membrane is added in isthmus (1.5hrs). Shell and pigment is added in uterus (20hrs). 1 min in vagina

55
Q

When does a hen ovulate?

A

30mins after laying, unless it is dark by then, then she skips a day

56
Q

What factors can affect fertility?

A

Feeding, light levels, number of females to males

57
Q

How long is incubation for chickens?

A

21 days

58
Q

What is unusual about a bird’s RBCs?

A

They are nucleated

59
Q

What part of the nervous system is larger in flying birds?

A

Bronchial plexus

60
Q

What part of the nervous system is larger in terrestrial birds?

A

Lumbosacral plexus

61
Q

Names identification methods for birds

A

Wing tags, poultry club closed rings and ring number can be tattooed under wing

BIOV243 Diverse species (7 decks)

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