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Verts > Birds > Flashcards

Birds Flashcards

1
Q

Birds

A

Class Aves~530 Species in BC

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2
Q

Robin diet

A

Annelid worms

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3
Q

Steller Jay diet

A

Berries Nuts

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4
Q

Woodpecker diet

A

Insects

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5
Q

Humming Bird diet

A

Nectar

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6
Q

House Finch diet

A

Seeds

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7
Q

Ospreydiet

A

Fish

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8
Q

Peregrine diet

A

Birds

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9
Q

Barred owl diet

A

mice

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10
Q

Feathers are made of

A

Keratin

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11
Q

Keratin is-

A

Modified reptilian scale

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12
Q

Adaptive significance of feathers

A

Thermoregulation
Display behavior
Camouflage
Flight

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13
Q

Types of fethers

A

Flight Feathers
Contour Feathers
Down feathers and semiplumes
Filoplumes

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14
Q

Flight feathers

A

Primaries on hand
Secondaries on forarm
Tail feathers

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15
Q

Barbules

A

interlock the barbs with tiny hooklets.

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16
Q

Preening

A

Re zips hooklets onto barbules

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17
Q

Molting

A

Occurs and certain life stage

occurs seasonally

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18
Q

Complete Molt

A

All the tracts replaced within a short time

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19
Q

Parital molt

A

Parts of tracts are replaced piecemeal: tail and or primary flight feathers are often retained

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20
Q

Molting in late summer/ fall

A

Prebasic molt

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21
Q

Prebasic molt results in

A

basic plummage typically a complete molt

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22
Q

Pre alternate molt results in

A

Alternate molt (breeding or seasonal camoflage) typically partial molt

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23
Q

Eclipse plumage

A

Drakes are flightless during prebasic molt in later sumer and look like females

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24
Q

How are bird foremims modified for flight

A

Bird bones are hollow with struts for strength

Many bird bones fused, redused

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25
Q

Aerodynamis of flight

A

Both wings and individual feathers act as airfoils creating lift.

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26
Q

Lift

A

Air flowing over an airfoil creates lift

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27
Q

Drag

A

Reduces lift by clowing air moving over the airfoil
Friction
turbulence

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28
Q

Wing loading

A

Body weight / unit area of wing

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29
Q

high wing loading

A

Small wings reative to body mass: flap wings rapidly and fly fast eg Duck

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30
Q

Low wing loading

A

Larg wings relative to body mass: fly slowly for a long time eg hawk

31
Q

Aspect Ratio

A

Ratio of wing length/width

32
Q

High aspect ratio

A

long narrow wings- maximum lift and minimum drag (low turbulences) eg albatrosses

33
Q

LoLow aspect ratio

A

Similar length and width good control at low speeds, maneuverability
eg. Passerines

34
Q

Ellipitical wings

A

Low aspect ratio for high maneuverability at low speed and in tight spaces; rapid takeoff
larg wing slots and alulas to reduce drag and low speed
Generally high wing load

35
Q

High speed wings

A

tapered wing tips and swept back angle to reduce drag at high speed.
High aspect ratio high wing load
lacki of wing slots or alulas

36
Q

dynamic soaring wigs

A

use wind shear above ocean
high aspect ratio for high lift low wing load
lack of wing slots or alulas

37
Q

High lift wings

A

Use thermal winds/ updrafts
Wing slots , alulas increasing lift at low speeds
low aspect ratio for maneuverability
generally low wing load

38
Q

Bird circulation

A

4 chamberd heard
Largest hearts relative to body size
efficeint blood pumping
High blood pressure

39
Q

crop

A

Storage chamber- food passed on for digestion or reguritated for young

40
Q

Proventriculus

A

Enzyme production site of pellet formation in owles , hoawks and kingfihsers

41
Q

Gizzard

A

Muscular chamber lined with rough keratin contains sandy grit

42
Q

Nitrogenous waste excrectred as uric acid

A

Excrete uric acid into cloaca
Excess water reabsorbed in cloaca
Forms white paste, Mixes with feces

43
Q

Excess salkt secreted by a special salt glands

A

Special salt glands above each eye secrete high concentration of salt
Salt soloution excreted via internal or external nostrils

44
Q

Thermoregulation Heating (5)

A 
Shivering
Feathers
Posture
Thermal countercurrent
Communal roosts
45
Q

Shivering(thermal reg hot)

A 
The primary means for increasing heat
production for birds is shivering.
The large flight muscles as well as the
leg muscles play an important role in
generating heat by shivering
46
Q

Feathers (thermal reg hot)

A 
number of feathers
varies seasonally;
more during the winter
than the summer
- position of feathers
controlled by dermal
muscles
47
Q

Posture (thermo reg Hot)

A

Reduce heat

  • withdraw feet into plyumage
  • tuck head and neck under wing
48
Q

Thermal counter current

A

Limted heat loss in cold wather because of thermal counter current in legs( arterial blood warms returning blood in veins)

49
Q

Communal roosts (thermoreghot)

A

Burrowing

50
Q

Thermoregulation (cooling)

A

Evaporation
Posture
Radiation

51
Q

Evaporation ( thermoreg (cold)(3)

A

birds lack sweat glands
so evaporation can occur only via
respiratory system: - panting
- gular flutter

52
Q

POsture (thermoreg)

A

Posture
to increase heat loss:
- extend wings

53
Q

thermoregulation

A 
can give off heat during hot weather:
increased blood flow to legs in water
•
storks & vultures defecate
on legs to increase heat loss
by evaporation
54
Q

Bird vision

A 
•
Vision
is the dominant sense in birds
–
Color vision well-developed in diurnal birds -
many cones
–
Nocturnal birds have few cones and many
rods
–
Most birds can see UV
–
Some birds can see polarized light
55
Q

Olfaction

A

Poor smell

56
Q

Migration

A

Mass movement of individuals between breeding and wintering areas

57
Q

Defining characteristics of migration

A

Seasonal(predictable)

Large numbers of individuals

58
Q

Dispersal

A

Movement away from natal area

  • Solitary
  • New location unpredictable
59
Q

Irruption

A

Movement away from food poor area

  • not annual
  • unpredictable
60
Q

Migratory restlessness

A

Controlled by hormones activated by changing day lengths

61
Q

Why do birds migrate

A

When benifits are higher than costs of using well seperated breeding and wintering areas

  • food availbiility
  • reproductive sucess
62
Q

temerate zone pro/con

A

Abundant food and longer days for foraginf in sping/ summer

Food shortages and cold in winter

63
Q

Tropics zone pro and con

A

High density of nest parasites and predators

Mild temperatures and food availability in winter

64
Q

diurnal migrants

A

often depend on thermal winds or updrafts

may depend on diurnal food resourses

65
Q

Nocturnal migrants

A

cooler less turbulant

avoid diurnal predators

66
Q

Soarers

A

Flight concentreated in mid day when thermals occur

67
Q

Powered flight

A 
often crepuscular (start before dawn)
nocturnal migrants
68
Q

Natal dispersal

A

Fist movement away from the nest area

69
Q

Breeding dispersal

A

Movements of adults between diffrent breeding locations.

70
Q

Male reporductive system

A

Males
• testes small, bean shaped most of year
• testes enlarge 300 x at breeding season
• most males lack a penis

71
Q

Fermale reproductive system

A

only left ovary and oviduct develop
• eggs fertilized at top of oviduct
• albumin, shell membrane, shell added during
passage down oviduct

72
Q

Advantages of colonial breeding

A

favored by scarcity of sites safe from predators
favored by scarcity of sites near abundant food
- cooperative protection from predators
- enhances foraging on ephemeral food supplies

73
Q

Disadvantages of colonial breeding

A

colony may attract predators

  • increase the spread of nest parasites
  • increased competition for food

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